{"id":70420,"date":"2022-07-11T05:13:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-11T09:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=70420"},"modified":"2022-07-18T09:49:45","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T13:49:45","slug":"thomas-hobbes-human-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature Is Cruel and Selfish"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is Thomas Hobbes known for? How did Hobbes&#8217; views influence modern-day moral philosophy? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived during the 17th century and who exerted a significant influence on modern philosophy. According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is essentially cruel and selfish, and the only way to subdue humanity&#8217;s evil impulses is through power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s how Hobbes&#8217; philosophy influenced modern-day societal order. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-thomas-hobbes-civilization-curbs-humans-evil-instincts\"><strong>Thomas Hobbes: Civilization Curbs Humans\u2019 Evil Instincts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is inherently selfish and driven by a desire for power. Before civilization, Hobbes said, this selfishness led to anarchy: Each person sought power for themselves, creating an all-out war. In his most famous book, <em>Leviathan <\/em>(1651), Hobbes argued that the only way to combat this anarchy was to give up our freedom to a powerful ruler, which he named the \u201cLeviathan.\u201d In his view, the Leviathan would keep order by ensuring that humans\u2019 base instincts didn&#8217;t rise to the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Hobbes\u2019s view of human nature\u2014and his fear of anarchy and war\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allencheng.com\/leviathan-book-summary-thomas-hobbes\/#1-Page_Summary_of_Leviathan\">stem from his life experiences<\/a>. He wrote <em>Leviathan<\/em> during a period of civil war in England. On one side of the war were the Royalists, who supported the reigning but unpopular King Charles I and his claim to absolute, God-given power. On the other side were the Parliamentarians, who wanted the elected Parliament to control the government. In 1649, two years before Hobbes published <em>Leviathan<\/em>, the Parliamentarians executed King Charles I. Hobbes worried that the deposition of Charles would lead to all-out anarchy, hence his assertion that only a powerful sovereign can prevent war.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Bregman, Hobbes\u2019s thinking is foundational to Western society. As we\u2019ll discuss later in the guide, the notion that humans are fundamentally selfish creatures who require a strong hand still informs theories of criminal justice, management, and government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hobbes-s-influence-on-western-society-social-contract-theory\"><strong>Hobbes\u2019s Influence on Western Society: Social Contract Theory<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As Bregman notes, Hobbes\u2019s philosophy continues to influence our society today. One of the ways it does so is through Hobbes\u2019s introduction of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/rousseaus-social-contract-theory\/\">Social Contract Theory<\/a>, which forms the philosophical basis for many modern governments. Here\u2019s a brief summary of what Social Contract Theory is, how it\u2019s evolved, and why it\u2019s been so important to Western society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Social Contract Theory states that in a society, <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/soc-cont\/#SH2a\">citizens must form an agreement<\/a>, whether real or imagined, that lays out the responsibilities of each individual to the community. As Bregman suggests, Hobbes viewed the social contract as follows: Citizens agree to give up their freedom to an absolute ruler (the Leviathan)<em> <\/em>in exchange for security and peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While Hobbes\u2019s version of the social contract was relatively conservative, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/social-contract#ref348041\">later philosophers such as John Locke would build on his work<\/a>. Locke\u2019s revision of Hobbes\u2019s social contract set the foundation for Western democracy. Whereas Hobbes believed that a government\u2019s only responsibility to its citizens was to maintain security and peace, Locke believed that when citizens created a society through a social contract, the government had an obligation not only to keep them safe but also to <em>protect their rights<\/em>. Among these rights was the power to choose a legislature.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If this protection of rights didn&#8217;t occur, Locke said, then the government broke the social contract and the citizens had the right to rebel. The idea\u2014radical at the time\u2014that the citizens should be in charge of government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtsu.edu\/first-amendment\/article\/1257\/john-locke\">profoundly influenced the development of early democracies<\/a>, including that of the United States.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Thomas Hobbes known for? How did Hobbes&#8217; views influence modern-day moral philosophy? Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived during the 17th century and who exerted a significant influence on modern philosophy. According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is essentially cruel and selfish, and the only way to subdue humanity&#8217;s evil impulses is through power. Here&#8217;s how Hobbes&#8217; philosophy influenced modern-day societal order.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":69195,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,33,21],"tags":[663],"class_list":["post-70420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-people","category-philosophy","tag-humankind","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature Is Cruel and Selfish - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is inherently cruel and selfish. 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Here&#039;s how Hobbes&#039; philosophy influenced modern-day societal order.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-07-11T09:13:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-18T13:49:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/evil-mask-bad-person.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature Is Cruel and Selfish\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-11T09:13:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-18T13:49:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/\"},\"wordCount\":593,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/evil-mask-bad-person.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Humankind\"],\"articleSection\":[\"History\",\"People\",\"Philosophy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/\",\"name\":\"Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature Is Cruel and Selfish - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/thomas-hobbes-human-nature\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/evil-mask-bad-person.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-11T09:13:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-18T13:49:45+00:00\",\"description\":\"According to Thomas Hobbes, human nature is inherently cruel and selfish. 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