{"id":69664,"date":"2022-06-16T10:43:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-16T14:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=69664"},"modified":"2022-06-29T09:05:09","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T13:05:09","slug":"what-is-reciprocal-altruism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/","title":{"rendered":"Robert Sapolsky: What Is Reciprocal Altruism?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/reciprocal-altruism\/\">reciprocal altruism<\/a>? Why do people feel compelled to reciprocate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/virtuous-behavior\/\">virtuous behavior<\/a>? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Humans are innately reciprocal creatures because reciprocity has survival value. Even hunter-gatherer humans helped each other to contribute to the survival of the group. According to Robert Sapolsky, the author of <em>Behave<\/em>, altruism is encoded in our genes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about reciprocal altruism and how this behavior evolved. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-reciprocal-altruism-helping-each-other\">Reciprocal Altruism: Helping Each Other<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What is reciprocal altruism? <em>Reciprocal altruism<\/em> is the theory that says that it\u2019s advantageous for unrelated individuals to work together. To give a common example, grooming behavior is common among animals that live in groups\u2014any member of the group will groom any other member, because making sure nobody\u2019s carrying fleas or ticks benefits the whole group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sapolsky says that human society was founded on reciprocal altruism. <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hunter-gatherer-societies\/\">Hunter-gatherer societies<\/a>, the earliest known type of human civilization, relied heavily on nonrelatives working together to keep everyone safe and fed. Therefore, reciprocal altruism is in our genes at least as strongly as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/kin-selection\/\">kin selection<\/a> is.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-reciprocal-altruism-and-the-tit-for-tat-strategy\">Reciprocal Altruism and the Tit for Tat Strategy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-selfish-gene\"><em>The Selfish Gene<\/em><\/a>, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins uses the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-selfish-gene\/chapter-12\">Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma<\/a> to illustrate how reciprocal altruism could have evolved. In the Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma, two players have the choice to \u201ccooperate\u201d or \u201cbetray,\u201d and each must choose without knowing what the other player picked. The possible results are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Both cooperate\u2014<\/strong>both players gain a small number of points.<\/li><li><strong>One cooperates, the other betrays\u2014<\/strong>the cooperating player loses a large number of points, the betrayer gains a large number of points.<\/li><li><strong>Both betray\u2014<\/strong>both players lose a small number of points.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/robert-axelrod\/\">Robert Axelrod<\/a> hosted a Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma tournament, where he asked people to design computer algorithms that would play hundreds of rounds of Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma against each other. The winner was a simple program called Tit for Tat, which would always start out cooperative, then for each subsequent round it would copy what its opponent did the round before. <strong>It was mathematically impossible for Tit for Tat to win any individual match, but over the course of the tournament it racked up more total points than any other program.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dawkins argues that the Tit for Tat program demonstrates why reciprocal altruism works better than more aggressive strategies: Aggressive individuals think of life as a zero-sum game\u2014one where there must be a winner and a loser\u2014and therefore they worry about defeating their opponents rather than simply doing well for themselves. <strong>However, in Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma (and in life), <em>all <\/em>players can do well for themselves by cooperating and not worrying about \u201cwinning.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is reciprocal altruism? Why do people feel compelled to reciprocate virtuous behavior? Humans are innately reciprocal creatures because reciprocity has survival value. Even hunter-gatherer humans helped each other to contribute to the survival of the group. According to Robert Sapolsky, the author of Behave, altruism is encoded in our genes. Keep reading to learn about reciprocal altruism and how this behavior evolved.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":33781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,9,24],"tags":[652],"class_list":["post-69664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-psychology","category-society","tag-behave","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Robert Sapolsky: What Is Reciprocal Altruism? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Humans are innately reciprocal creatures since reciprocity has survival value. Learn about reciprocal altruism and how this behavior evolved.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Robert Sapolsky: What Is Reciprocal Altruism?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Humans are innately reciprocal creatures since reciprocity has survival value. Learn about reciprocal altruism and how this behavior evolved.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-06-16T14:43:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-29T13:05:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/two-girls-with-umbrella.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"971\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"540\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"Robert Sapolsky: What Is Reciprocal Altruism?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-06-16T14:43:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-29T13:05:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\"},\"wordCount\":446,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/two-girls-with-umbrella.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Behave\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Communication\",\"Psychology\",\"Society\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/\",\"name\":\"Robert Sapolsky: What Is Reciprocal Altruism? - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-reciprocal-altruism\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/two-girls-with-umbrella.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-06-16T14:43:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-29T13:05:09+00:00\",\"description\":\"Humans are innately reciprocal creatures since reciprocity has survival value. 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