{"id":69657,"date":"2022-06-14T10:42:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-14T14:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=69657"},"modified":"2022-06-29T09:05:24","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T13:05:24","slug":"triune-brain-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/triune-brain-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"Triune Brain Theory: Explained in Simple Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the Triune brain? What are the three levels of the brain, according to the Triune theory?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Triune brain model, the brain is divided into three levels: the neocortex, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-does-the-limbic-system-do\/\">limbic system<\/a>, and the reptilian complex. According to this model, each level is self-contained in the sense that it doesn&#8217;t interact with the other two. In reality, the whole brain is interconnected, so this model should be taken metaphorically, not literally. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the three levels of the brain, according to the Triune brain theory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-3-levels-of-the-brain\">The 3 Levels of the Brain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In his book <em>Behave, <\/em>Sapolsky starts by explaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-the-human-brain-works\/\">how the brain works<\/a> in very general terms. He explains that our thought processes operate in three different \u201clevels\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Top level: neocortex. <\/strong>This is the most recently evolved part of the brain and a feature we share only with our closest animal relatives, the primates. The neocortex is associated with deep thought, reasoning, memory, and processing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/sensory-information-processing\/\">sensory information<\/a>. Based on what you\u2019re thinking about, the neocortex sends signals down to the limbic system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Middle level: limbic system. <\/strong>The limbic system is found in all types of mammals, meaning that it evolved earlier than the neocortex. The limbic system is associated with emotions; in more scientific terms, with positive and negative responses to stimuli. Based on those stimuli, the limbic system sends signals to the core regulatory functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Base level: core regulatory functions. <\/strong>This section controls our most basic and instinctive processes\u2014the things you have little or no control over. For example, if the oxygen levels in your blood fall too low, the reptilian complex will signal you to start breathing more heavily, which is why you start panting when you\u2019re exercising.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Some sources refer to the base level as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com\/glossary\/reptilian-complex\">\u201creptilian complex\u201d<\/a> (which gives rise to the colloquial \u201clizard brain\u201d). However, Sapolsky doesn\u2019t use that term in <em>Behave.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sapolsky adds that, in some cases, thought processes can skip the neocortex and (more rarely) the limbic system, generating much faster and more instinctive responses.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, if you read a recipe, you might think it sounds delicious (neocortex), triggering a positive emotional response (limbic system), sparking feelings of hunger and causing you to salivate (reptilian complex). However, if you see or smell food, it would skip the reasoning step and jump right to the emotional response, followed by the physical one. If you\u2019re starving and your blood sugar is low, that signal would skip straight to the base reptilian complex of your brain and make you feel physically hungry\u2014no logic or emotion needed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Controversy Over the \u201cThree Levels\u201d Model<\/strong><br><br>The brain model that Sapolsky explains here (sometimes called the Triune model) isn\u2019t universally accepted. Some neurologists argue that it <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.802606\/full\">shouldn\u2019t be used anymore<\/a> due to several major shortcomings:&nbsp;<br><br>1. The Triune brain theory says that there are three separate and distinct <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-are-the-regions-of-the-brain\/\">areas of the brain<\/a>, that each carries out a different function, and that they have little or no interaction with each other. In reality, our various brain functions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-rational-thought\/\">rational thought<\/a>, emotions, and automatic reflexes) are inseparable; each constantly influences the others.&nbsp;<br><br>2. The Triune model suggests that, as we evolved, we gained all-new brain features, while the existing features remained mostly unchanged. That is not accurate\u2014the core functions had to evolve and change as the limbic system developed, and both \u201clower\u201d regions had to evolve to work with the neocortex.&nbsp;<br><br>3. Finally, the Triune model imagines the brain as three physically separate regions, when in reality there is significant overlap between the \u201clayers.\u201d<br><br>Sapolsky admits these shortcomings of the Triune model in <em>Behave<\/em>, even saying that the three \u201clevels\u201d should be viewed as metaphorical rather than literal (due to the physical and functional overlaps). However, he still promotes the Triune model as a simplified, easily digestible way to understand the brain and its functions\u2014in other words, he believes it\u2019s still suitable for laypeople, if not for neuroscientists.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the Triune brain? What are the three levels of the brain, according to the Triune theory? In the Triune brain model, the brain is divided into three levels: the neocortex, the limbic system, and the reptilian complex. According to this model, each level is self-contained in the sense that it doesn&#8217;t interact with the other two. In reality, the whole brain is interconnected, so this model should be taken metaphorically, not literally. Keep reading to learn about the three levels of the brain, according to the Triune brain theory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":15300,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,160],"tags":[652],"class_list":["post-69657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-science","tag-behave","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Triune Brain Theory: Explained in Simple Terms - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the Triune brain theory, the brain is divided into three levels: the neocortex, the limbic system, and the reptilian complex. Learn more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/triune-brain-theory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Triune Brain Theory: Explained in Simple Terms\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the Triune brain theory, the brain is divided into three levels: the neocortex, the limbic system, and the reptilian complex. 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