{"id":68907,"date":"2022-06-17T13:02:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T17:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=68907"},"modified":"2022-06-21T14:11:57","modified_gmt":"2022-06-21T18:11:57","slug":"are-humans-inherently-good-or-evil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/are-humans-inherently-good-or-evil\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Humans Inherently Good or Evil?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/are-humans-inherently-good-or-evil-2\/\">Are humans inherently good or evil<\/a>? Does our environment shape who we are?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <em>The Lucifer Effect<\/em>, psychologist Philip Zimbardo argues that humans aren&#8217;t born good or bad. Instead, he theorizes that certain circumstances can cause any good person to become evil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn more about why Zimbardo believes humans aren&#8217;t inherently good or evil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-theory-of-fixed-morals-vs-circumstantial-morals\"><strong>The Theory of Fixed Morals<\/strong> vs. Circumstantial Morals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Are humans inherently good or evil? Zimbardo argues that <strong>any one of us could commit the worst evil imaginable if we found ourselves in the wrong situation<\/strong>. (We\u2019ll call this the \u201ctheory of circumstantial morals\u201d because it implies that each individual\u2019s moral compass can change rapidly in response to new circumstances.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, humans aren&#8217;t inherently bad. Zimbardo argues that evildoers are ordinary people who find themselves in situations that cause them to disengage their normal sense of morality. Interviews have confirmed that many people who do great evil\u2014terrorists, torturers, those who facilitate genocide\u2014are otherwise psychologically healthy and rational. They\u2019re just like any of us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The theory of fixed morals (that humans are either born good or bad) isn\u2019t just a popular idea. We&#8217;re hardwired to believe it because the human brain is biased against the theory of circumstantial morals. In psychology, the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-fundamental-attribution-error\/\">fundamental attribution error<\/a><\/em> is when we apply the theory of fixed morals to the behavior of others (by blaming their immoral behavior on their character rather than the environment). Why do we hold this bias so deeply?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-we-believe-in-the-theory-of-fixed-morals\">Why We Believe in the Theory of Fixed Morals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>First, Zimbardo explains that we believe this theory because it\u2019s simpler\u2014viewing people as either good or evil makes the world much easier to understand, even if it\u2019s not true. Second, <strong>this bias protects our ego by identifying evil as something separate from ourselves<\/strong>. The theory of fixed morals allows us to blame all of the world\u2019s evil on the few villains and criminals who are directly involved in it. On the other hand, if we embrace the theory of circumstantial morals, we may have to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/accepting-responsibility\/\">accept responsibility<\/a> for creating or prolonging the circumstances that influence people to do evil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The theory of circumstantial morals does not excuse evil\u2014he still believes that we should hold people accountable for their harmful actions. However, it should influence us to punish them less severely. We should also extend justice to those responsible for creating the broader circumstances in which the evil took place. In other words, Zimbardo asserts that we can more accurately identify the source of evil and prevent it by overcoming <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fundamental-attribution-bias\/\">the fundamental attribution error<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-theory-of-fixed-morals-may-encourage-virtuous-action\"><strong>The Theory of Fixed Morals May Encourage Virtuous Action<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While Zimbardo argues that the theory of fixed morals is an irrational bias and a harmful oversimplification, some make the case that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/democracy-in-america\/2011\/05\/10\/were-turning-into-that-guy\">when we apply it to ourselves, the theory of fixed morals can motivate us to do good<\/a>. If we truly believe humans are inherently good\u2014fundamentally different from those who are evil\u2014we\u2019ll want to avoid contradicting that belief with our actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, Calvinists believe they&#8217;re predestined to go to heaven because God has already chosen them to be righteous people. At first, it doesn\u2019t seem like this would motivate them to do good\u2014if they\u2019re predestined for salvation, why wouldn\u2019t they do whatever they want?\u2014but in practice, Calvinists want to behave by their self-identity, so they follow their doctrine\u2019s moral laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, you could still argue that the opposite is true: If we believe that humans are inherently good and the flaws in our nature don\u2019t exist, we won\u2019t take steps to fix them. One example of this kind of self-blindness is Zimbardo\u2019s point that the theory of fixed morals motivates us to deflect blame for the world\u2019s evil away from ourselves.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Are humans inherently good or evil? Does our environment shape who we are? In The Lucifer Effect, psychologist Philip Zimbardo argues that humans aren&#8217;t born good or bad. Instead, he theorizes that certain circumstances can cause any good person to become evil. Learn more about why Zimbardo believes humans aren&#8217;t inherently good or evil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,9,24],"tags":[644],"class_list":["post-68907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-psychology","category-society","tag-the-lucifer-effect","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Are Humans Inherently Good or Evil? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The theory of fixed morals states that humans are inherently good or evil, but Philip Zimbardo doesn&#039;t believe that&#039;s true. 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