{"id":68904,"date":"2022-06-12T12:48:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T16:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=68904"},"modified":"2022-06-21T10:11:23","modified_gmt":"2022-06-21T14:11:23","slug":"what-is-the-meaning-of-evil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-the-meaning-of-evil\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is the Meaning of Evil? Philip Zimbardo&#8217;s Definition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the meaning of evil? Are humans born either good or evil?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Psychologist Philip Zimbardo defines evil as any intentional harm done to innocent people. He also claims that anybody is capable of performing evil acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more to learn the meaning of evil, according to Zimbardo in his book <em>The Lucifer Effect<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-meaning-of-evil\"><strong>What Is the Meaning of Evil?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most people assume that if someone does something truly evil\u2014on the level of murder, torture, or rape\u2014there must be something uniquely twisted about them. They\u2019re an \u201cevil person,\u201d and it would be difficult or impossible to rehabilitate them. (We\u2019ll call this the \u201ctheory of fixed morals,\u201d as it implies that each individual\u2019s moral compass is relatively fixed and slow or impossible to change.) But what is the meaning of evil, according to Zimbardo?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zimbardo offers an opposing theory: He argues that <strong>any one of us could commit the worst evil imaginable if we found ourselves in the wrong situation<\/strong>. (We\u2019ll call this the \u201ctheory of circumstantial morals\u201d because it implies that each individual\u2019s moral compass can change rapidly in response to new circumstances.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, Zimbardo argues that evildoers are ordinary people who find themselves in situations that cause them to disengage their normal sense of morality. Interviews have confirmed that many people who do great evil\u2014terrorists, torturers, those who facilitate genocide\u2014are otherwise psychologically healthy and rational. They\u2019re just like any of us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-knobe-effect-situational-biases-toward-each-moral-theory\"><strong>The Knobe Effect: Situational Biases Toward Each Moral Theory<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Arguably, Zimbardo\u2019s meaning of evil and view of the two theories of morality is incomplete. He implies that people tend to believe one theory or the other\u2014either the theory of fixed morals or circumstantial morals. However, the \u201cKnobe effect\u201d is a psychological bias that reveals <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/after-service\/201712\/4-keys-understanding-our-weird-inconsistent-morality\">we tend to use the two different theories of morality in different situations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Knobe effect states that in situations where someone\u2019s intentions are ambiguous, if the outcome is bad, we believe they intended for it to happen, and if the outcome is good, we believe they stumbled into a selfless act by accident. In other words, we assume people do evil <em>intentionally<\/em> and do good <em>accidentally<\/em>. By this logic, we\u2019re more likely to believe the theory of fixed morals when people do evil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this logic implies that <strong>the reverse is also true: We are more likely to believe the theory of circumstantial morals when people do good<\/strong>. Zimbardo doesn\u2019t make this point, but intuitively, it feels accurate\u2014imagine someone whose friends all plan to volunteer at a soup kitchen for a night. If that person decides to tag along, we likely wouldn\u2019t call them a particularly virtuous or heroic person\u2014the circumstances just happened to influence them to do good. In contrast, if that person\u2019s friends instead all plan to graffiti offensive slurs on the walls of the soup kitchen and they decide to tag along, we would be more likely to use the theory of fixed morals and judge them to be an immoral, selfish person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Powerful Institutions Contribute to Evil<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because Zimbardo&#8217;s meaning of evil says that circumstances cause people to be evil, he claims powerful institutions are to blame for establishing said circumstances. In his eyes, <strong>to effectively curb evil, we have to change the systems that give rise to the situations that encourage it.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Zimbardo, these institutions gain power by influencing enough people to accept their <em>ideology<\/em>\u2014a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/your-belief-system\/\">belief system<\/a> centered around a highest value that must be achieved by any means necessary. These institutions attempt to perpetuate their ideology and stay in power by relentlessly pursuing their highest value, creating the circumstances conducive to great evil in the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, Zimbardo extensively criticizes the Bush administration for its role in creating the circumstances that gave rise to the American torture and abuse of Iraqi prisoners of war at the Abu Ghraib prison. He claims that the Bush administration used the War on Terror and the ideology of \u201cnational security above all else\u201d to convince the American population to keep them in power. In their pursuit of national security (brutally interrogating prisoners for information that would help win the Iraq War and prevent future terrorist attacks), they established circumstantial factors that directly led to torture and abuse: recreating, to an extent, the conditions of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/stanford-prison-experiment-purpose\/\">Stanford Prison Experiment<\/a> in the real prisons of Iraq and Afghanistan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the meaning of evil? Are humans born either good or evil? Psychologist Philip Zimbardo defines evil as any intentional harm done to innocent people. He also claims that anybody is capable of performing evil acts. Read more to learn the meaning of evil, according to Zimbardo in his book The Lucifer Effect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":69195,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,9,6],"tags":[644],"class_list":["post-68904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-psychology","category-spiritual","tag-the-lucifer-effect","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is the Meaning of Evil? Philip Zimbardo&#039;s Definition - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Philip Zimbardo believes that evil is when you&#039;ve done harm to innocent people. 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