{"id":68065,"date":"2022-06-05T05:56:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-05T09:56:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=68065"},"modified":"2022-06-16T17:53:30","modified_gmt":"2022-06-16T21:53:30","slug":"amartya-sen-on-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/amartya-sen-on-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Amartya Sen on Development: The Value of Freedom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What’s Amartya Sen’s approach to development? Why does he believe an income-centered approach to poverty is harmful?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Sen, development is the process of expanding human freedom. A country’s growth and stability rely on the rights of its citizens and their well-being, rather than the wealth of its people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here’s more of Amartya Sen on development, described in his book Development as Freedom<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Amartya Sen<\/strong> on Development: His Philosophy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In redefining development as freedom, Amartya Sen takes a holistic view of poverty and characterizes it as impeding people\u2019s ability to lead the lives they want.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most definitions of poverty are based only on level of income. However, Amartya Sen\u2019s approach to understanding poverty<\/a> is more nuanced. Income alone does not tell the story of well-being, according to Amartya Sen. On development, Sen says the economy would flourish if more people had opportunities and freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sen contends that income and wealth are only important as a means<\/em> to something else, not for their own sake. <\/strong>As such, poverty is about more than low income; it\u2019s about a lack of opportunity. Conversely, development is about more than simply increasing wealth; it\u2019s about increasing <\/em>opportunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sen contends that poverty is harmful and unjust because it deprives people of the ability to lead the lives they want<\/strong>, and development is valuable because it allows people to improve their lives as they<\/em> see fit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

According to Amartya Sen, development is the process of expanding the freedoms that people can exercise<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast, most modern economic literature takes the \u201cincome-centered approach\u201d to poverty and economic development. Most analyses by economists and policymakers view per-capita income and GDP growth as the keys to prosperity. However, Sen argues this approach is actually a deviation from the emphasis early economists put on a more holistic approach to development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aristotle stated that wealth is only valuable insofar as it could be used to achieve other objectives<\/strong>, such as \u201ccapacity\u201d and \u201cflourishing.\u201d Adam Smith, considered the founder of economics, often prioritized living conditions rather than mere income. The pioneering work of economists and mathematicians like Sir William Petty and Joseph-Louis Lagrange paid similar attention to what could be achieved with income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In line with this classical view, <\/strong>Sen makes both a philosophical and empirical case for why poverty and development ought to be considered through a freedom-focused approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explaining Freedom<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now that we\u2019ve established the basis for redefining poverty as deprivation of opportunities and development as freedom, we\u2019ll examine what specifically Amartya Sen means when he refers to freedom. Amartya Sen\u2019s is a more expansive view of freedom than traditional definitions, including both negative rights<\/em> (such as freedom from coercion) and positive rights<\/em> (such as the right to education and health care).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amartya Sen argues that these freedoms are both the primary purpose<\/em> of development, as well as the most effective means<\/em> of development. Sen cites five types of freedoms that advance a person\u2019s potential<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Democratic rights<\/li>
  2. Commercial liberties<\/li>
  3. Public provisions<\/li>
  4. Ethical guardrails<\/li>
  5. Safety nets<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The Problem With Focusing on Income<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Sen contends that focusing on income to assess development doesn’t fully reflect people’s welfare or well-being <\/strong>and that consideration of freedom provides a more well-rounded picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sen views income-centered development as inadequate because it overlooks aspects of welfare that people value. Here are three oversights of the income approach:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Varying effects of GDP on health<\/li>
    2. Social costs that persist even with income transfers to the poor<\/li>
    3. The possibility that overall welfare may improve without strong GDP growth <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      The Role of the Market in Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Markets are integral to Amartya Sen’s theory of development because they afford basic freedoms and spur economic growth. Sen argues that markets have both intrinsic and instrumental value, but also shortcomings. He explores both benefits and flaws in this chapter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sen identifies two reasons why free markets are integral to his view of development:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. As a means to economic growth and progress: <\/strong>Sen acknowledges that free markets can increase economic growth<\/a> and overall economic progress. However, Sen says free markets are much more than just a means to improve prosperity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2. As a fundamental freedom that people have reason to value: <\/strong>Independent of its impact on economic growth, the freedom to exchange goods and services is a basic part of social interaction and is valuable as its own kind of freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Nonetheless, Sen takes care to enter into his calculus the aspects of free markets, such as income and gender inequality, that may contribute to the systematic exclusion of some marginalized groups. He also favors government intervention<\/a> like social support and regulation when they can improve overall welfare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      What’s Amartya Sen’s approach to development? Why does he believe an income-centered approach to poverty is harmful? According to Sen, development is the process of expanding human freedom. A country’s growth and stability rely on the rights of its citizens and their well-being, rather than the wealth of its people. Here’s more of Amartya Sen on development, described in his book Development as Freedom.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":46643,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81,21,24],"tags":[636],"class_list":["post-68065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","category-philosophy","category-society","tag-development-as-freedom","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nAmartya Sen on Development: The Value of Freedom - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What does Amartya Sen have to say on development? According to Sen, economic development should be an enhancement of freedom. 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