{"id":67704,"date":"2022-06-12T10:01:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T14:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=67704"},"modified":"2022-06-16T11:27:49","modified_gmt":"2022-06-16T15:27:49","slug":"why-do-we-age-and-die","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/why-do-we-age-and-die\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Do We Age and Die? Biologist Explains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/human-aging\/\">Why do we age<\/a> and die? Do we really age and die to make room for our descendants? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Humans have always accepted aging as a fact of life, but relatively few people have questioned why it has to happen. The oldest theory, dating back to Aristotle, is that we age and die for the good of the species, to \u201cmake room\u201d for the next generation. But that theory fell out of favor in the 1950s, paving the way for new theories to come. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about key theories of aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-understanding-aging\">Understanding Aging<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Why do we age and die? The current theory is that we evolved to survive long enough to reproduce, with no concern for what happens after that. In evolutionary theory, this is known as <em>antagonistic pleiotropy<\/em>: The same genes that help us survive and reproduce also cause us to deteriorate once we\u2019re past breeding age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Supporting this theory is the fact that species historically evolved for either <em>rapid breeding <\/em>or <em>long lifespans<\/em>, but never both. Scientists believed this was due to limited resources\u2014building a strong, healthy, and long-lasting body requires a lot of energy and resources, and so does raising a lot of offspring. Very few species would have had enough resources to support large numbers of offspring that also survive for a long time.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Understanding Carrying Capacity<\/strong><br><br>A species that\u2019s long-lived and quick-breeding would quickly exceed its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/topics\/resource-library-carrying-capacity\">carrying capacity<\/a>\u2014an ecological concept meaning the maximum number of members of that species that a particular area can support.&nbsp;<br><br>When a population goes past its habitat\u2019s carrying capacity, there are no longer enough resources to go around and members of that population start to die off. If it goes too far past the carrying capacity, or maintains that population level for too long, the species could completely deplete that area\u2019s resources and totally collapse. That\u2019s why, even though evolution is selfish by nature, no species has ever had both of those traits.<br><br>Carrying capacity is also a major concern when we consider humans living longer (perhaps forever, if Sinclair is right): An ever-increasing population will, at some point, exceed the planet\u2019s carrying capacity.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-dna-damage-theory-of-aging\"><strong>The \u201cDNA Damage\u201d Theory of Aging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/why-we-age\/\">Why we age<\/a> may be an interesting question, but Sinclair is more concerned with <em>how <\/em>we age. One popular theory is that our bodies break down due to progressive damage to our DNA\u2014this damage could result from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-random-mutation\/\">random mutations<\/a>, radiation (such as from the sun), pollution, and countless other causes. Basically, the genetic damage keeps accumulating until our cells can\u2019t function correctly anymore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Sinclair says that<strong> cloning technology disproves the DNA damage theory of aging:<\/strong> We can use cells from an old, sick animal to clone a young and healthy one, which wouldn\u2019t be possible if changes to DNA directly caused the effects of aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Sinclair\u2019s insistence that the DNA damage theory can\u2019t be correct goes against popular scientific theory. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03307-7\">a study from 2021<\/a> repeats the claim that DNA damage may be the central, unifying cause of aging\u2019s effects on the body. This is not to say that Sinclair must be wrong, only that his ideas have yet to receive widespread recognition and acceptance\u2014if they ever do.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-information-theory-of-aging\"><strong>The \u201cInformation\u201d Theory of Aging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As a counterpoint to the DNA damage theory, Sinclair developed the \u201cInformation Theory of Aging.\u201d His theory states that<strong> we age due to an accumulation of <\/strong><strong><em>epigenetic <\/em><\/strong><strong>damage, rather than genetic damage.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, it\u2019s important to understand that every cell in your body, from skin to hair to brain tissue, has the exact same DNA. The epigenome, consisting of proteins wrapped around the DNA, controls which genes in any given cell are \u201con&#8221; and which are \u201coff.\u201d That\u2019s how we end up with all of those different types of cells\u2014it\u2019s not a result of the information encoded in the genes, but rather how your body <em>uses <\/em>that information. Therefore, changes to the epigenome can create changes in our bodies without actually altering our genes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sinclair calls these epigenetic changes \u201cnoise,\u201d similar to radio static or garbled transmission. The goal of his research is to figure out how to clear up that noise so that the genetic messages come through loud and clear like they did when we were young.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Sinclair,<strong> the Information Theory of Aging is good news, because fixing epigenetic damage is much easier than repairing the DNA itself\u2014<\/strong>in fact, Part 2 of this guide is all about ways to do just that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>What Causes Epigenetic \u201cNoise\u201d?<\/strong><br><br>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/fact-sheets\/Epigenomics-Fact-Sheet\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> (NIH), the epigenome responds to various stressors such as pollutants, diseases, and an unhealthy diet by <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/memory\">undergoing small changes<\/a> to enable the body to endure those stressors. In fact, the NIH says those changes may be necessary for us to survive. However, they can also lead to illnesses if too many genes are being activated and deactivated incorrectly.&nbsp;<br><br>To give a simple example: If you get a small cut, your epigenome would activate the genes you need to heal\u2014genes that produce clotting agents and genes that make your skin cells divide rapidly to heal the wound, among others. This is perfectly normal and usually doesn\u2019t cause any harm. The problems arise when the epigenome doesn\u2019t correctly reset itself; for instance, if those skin cells don\u2019t <em>stop <\/em>dividing once the wound is closed, you could develop skin cancer.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why do we age and die? Do we really age and die to make room for our descendants? Humans have always accepted aging as a fact of life, but relatively few people have questioned why it has to happen. The oldest theory, dating back to Aristotle, is that we age and die for the good of the species, to \u201cmake room\u201d for the next generation. But that theory fell out of favor in the 1950s, paving the way for new theories to come. Keep reading to learn about key theories of aging.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":25385,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[632],"class_list":["post-67704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-lifespan","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why Do We Age and Die? Biologist Explains - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Why do we age and die? Humans have always accepted aging as a fact of life, but few people have questioned why it happens. Learn more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/why-do-we-age-and-die\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why Do We Age and Die? Biologist Explains\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Why do we age and die? Humans have always accepted aging as a fact of life, but few people have questioned why it happens. 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