{"id":66137,"date":"2022-05-15T15:55:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-15T19:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=66137"},"modified":"2022-05-16T13:03:55","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T17:03:55","slug":"navinder-singh-sarao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/","title":{"rendered":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Who is Navinder Singh Sarao? Did he really cause the 2010 Wall Street flash crash?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Navinder Singh Sarao is a self-taught financial trader who was accused of triggering a major <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/2010-flash-crash\/\">2010 flash crash<\/a>. The event saw U.S. markets briefly plummet in value, but Michael Lewis, the author of <em>Flash Boys<\/em>, doesn&#8217;t think Sarao is largely to blame for the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more for Lewis&#8217;s take on why the flash crash happened and why U.S. courts believed it was because of Navinder Singh Sarao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-was-it-hft-or-navinder-singh-sarao\">Was It HFT or Navinder Singh Sarao?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis concludes that high-frequency trading (HFT) is the culprit behind the flash crash of 2010. High-frequency trading tactics capitalized on the precedents set by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-electronic-trading\/\">electronic trading<\/a>. Lewis explains that anyone involved in the stock market\u2014brokers, investors, hedge fund managers, and so on\u2014felt the effects of HFT, which were exacerbated by two factors: Wall Street\u2019s greed and the \u201cflash crash.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-wall-street-s-greed\"><strong>Wall Street\u2019s Greed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis argues that the Wall Street firms and banks, whose proper role is to help investors, adopted HFT techniques despite knowing that HFT made trading unfair for average investors. <strong>They did this because they were making so much money<\/strong>. One firm made over a billion dollars in one year from its HFT department alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Lewis is no stranger to exposing Wall Street\u2019s greed: In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-big-short\/1-page-summary\"><em>The Big Short<\/em><\/a>, he argues that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-big-short#greed-the-foundation\">greed and short-sightedness were the prime drivers of the financial crisis<\/a>. All major stakeholders in the ecosystem were fueled by the desire for profit, which made it easy to overlook systemic problems.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-2010-flash-crash\"><strong>The 2010 Flash Crash<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After years of unregulated high-frequency trading, Wall Street experienced a \u201cflash crash\u201d in 2010. Lewis defines a flash crash as a stock market crash that happens quickly\u2014stock prices drop dramatically before recovering within a few minutes. But during the 2010 flash crash, 20,000 stocks traded at dramatically different stock values.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Lewis, no one could pinpoint a reason behind the flash crash until Navinder Singh Sarao was the main suspect, who managed to cause one of the biggest scares in financial history just from a bedroom in his parent&#8217;s house in West London. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/brad-katsuyama\/\">Brad Katsuyama<\/a>, a Canadian trader who investigated HFT, couldn\u2019t access the data that could prove HFT caused the crash, since this information wasn\u2019t public\u2014it belonged to the HFT firms and exchanges\u2014but he knew that the flash crash was a result of HFT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The flash crash marked a turning point in the investing world. Investors were interested in what was going on in the market\u2014and why it had dropped by 600 points so suddenly. People who believed Navinder Singh Sarao wasn&#8217;t the only reason behind the crash called Katsuyama and his team to set up informational meetings where he educated investors and executives about HFT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-is-responsible-for-the-flash-crash\"><strong>Who Is Responsible for the Flash Crash?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While Lewis blames the trillion-dollar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-MB-21942\">flash crash<\/a> on high-frequency traders, the US courts found that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/01\/29\/flash-crash-trader-navinder-singh-sarao-sentenced-to-home-detention.html\">Navinder Singh Sarao was another reason behind it.<\/a> He was convicted of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/explainers-51265169\">spoofing<\/a>\u201d\u2014creating a huge number of fake buy or sell orders. High-frequency trading firms program their algorithms to get out of the market when it gets too volatile, and when <strong>Sarao\u2019s spoofing operation created <em>artificial <\/em>volatility, all the algorithms pulled out at once, resulting in a crash.<\/strong> He capitalized on the changing prices, <a href=\"https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/autistic-futures-trader-triggered-crash-003121499.html\">earning about $900,000 from the market manipulation<\/a>.<br>&nbsp;<br>While the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) found Navinder Singh Sarao responsible for the flash crash, some experts contend that <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180125134559\/http:\/\/www.tradersmagazine.com\/news\/technology\/post-flash-crash-regulators-still-use-bicycles-to-catch-ferraris-113762-1.html?ET=tradersmagazine%3Ae4256762%3A1181926a%3A&amp;st=email\">blaming Sarao doesn\u2019t get to the heart of the issue<\/a>\u2014that both human and algorithmic traders can still manipulate markets despite existing regulations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Who is Navinder Singh Sarao? Did he really cause the 2010 Wall Street flash crash? Navinder Singh Sarao is a self-taught financial trader who was accused of triggering a major 2010 flash crash. The event saw U.S. markets briefly plummet in value, but Michael Lewis, the author of Flash Boys, doesn&#8217;t think Sarao is largely to blame for the event. Read more for Lewis&#8217;s take on why the flash crash happened and why U.S. courts believed it was because of Navinder Singh Sarao.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":44159,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81,31,33],"tags":[615],"class_list":["post-66137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","category-money","category-people","tag-flash-boys","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1281\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Katie Doll\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Katie Doll\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Katie Doll\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1b539e89423b544ede91ab2bff937\"},\"headline\":\"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\"},\"wordCount\":619,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Flash Boys\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economics\",\"Money\",\"People\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\",\"name\":\"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash? - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00\",\"description\":\"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1281,\"caption\":\"The 2 Major Benefits of Capitalism to Building Wealth\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"description\":\"The World&#039;s Best Book Summaries\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":74,\"caption\":\"Shortform Books\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1b539e89423b544ede91ab2bff937\",\"name\":\"Katie Doll\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6239731a3fc739640b80be30f2b1727a055d3535d0ee4569e8282faa323e47fc?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6239731a3fc739640b80be30f2b1727a055d3535d0ee4569e8282faa323e47fc?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Katie Doll\"},\"description\":\"Somehow, Katie was able to pull off her childhood dream of creating a career around books after graduating with a degree in English and a concentration in Creative Writing. Her preferred genre of books has changed drastically over the years, from fantasy\/dystopian young-adult to moving novels and non-fiction books on the human experience. Katie especially enjoys reading and writing about all things television, good and bad.\",\"knowsAbout\":[\"Bachelor of Arts in English With a Concentration in Creative Writing\"],\"jobTitle\":\"Senior SEO Writer\",\"worksFor\":\"Shortform\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/katie\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash? - Shortform Books","description":"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?","og_description":"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/","og_site_name":"Shortform Books","article_published_time":"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1281,"url":"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Katie Doll","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Katie Doll","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/"},"author":{"name":"Katie Doll","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1b539e89423b544ede91ab2bff937"},"headline":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?","datePublished":"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/"},"wordCount":619,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","keywords":["Flash Boys"],"articleSection":["Economics","Money","People"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/","name":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash? - Shortform Books","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","datePublished":"2022-05-15T19:55:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-16T17:03:55+00:00","description":"Navinder Singh Sarao is infamously known as the person behind the 2010 flash crash. Check out why he might not be solely to blame.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","width":1920,"height":1281,"caption":"The 2 Major Benefits of Capitalism to Building Wealth"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/navinder-singh-sarao\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Did Navinder Singh Sarao Cause the Flash Crash?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","name":"Shortform Books","description":"The World&#039;s Best Book Summaries","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Shortform Books","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","width":500,"height":74,"caption":"Shortform Books"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1b539e89423b544ede91ab2bff937","name":"Katie Doll","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6239731a3fc739640b80be30f2b1727a055d3535d0ee4569e8282faa323e47fc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6239731a3fc739640b80be30f2b1727a055d3535d0ee4569e8282faa323e47fc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Katie Doll"},"description":"Somehow, Katie was able to pull off her childhood dream of creating a career around books after graduating with a degree in English and a concentration in Creative Writing. Her preferred genre of books has changed drastically over the years, from fantasy\/dystopian young-adult to moving novels and non-fiction books on the human experience. Katie especially enjoys reading and writing about all things television, good and bad.","knowsAbout":["Bachelor of Arts in English With a Concentration in Creative Writing"],"jobTitle":"Senior SEO Writer","worksFor":"Shortform","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/katie\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/wall-street-stock-exchange.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66137"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66466,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66137\/revisions\/66466"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}