{"id":65392,"date":"2022-05-01T07:34:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-01T11:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=65392"},"modified":"2022-05-05T11:45:02","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:45:02","slug":"hallmarks-of-cancer-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"The 6 Hallmarks of Cancer Explained by Oncologist"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What are the hallmarks of cancer? What are the six characteristics a cell has to possess to be considered cancerous? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The hallmarks of cancer are the qualities that cells have to possess to be diagnosed as cancerous. The original six were proposed by Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan: 1) automatic mitosis, 2) non-responsive to antigrowth signals, 3) &#8220;immortality,&#8221; 4) limitless replication, 5) self-sustaining, 6) mobility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the hallmarks of cancer, explained by oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-6-hallmarks-of-cancer\">The 6 Hallmarks of Cancer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In simple terms, cancer is uncontrolled cell division through the process called &#8220;mitosis.&#8221; Normally mitosis is strictly regulated by biological signals that control when it starts and when it stops, but cancerous cells don\u2019t respond correctly to those signals. As a result, they replicate quickly and endlessly, eventually amassing in a tumor. <strong>Cancer is strictly speaking not a single disease, but a <em>type <\/em>of disease<\/strong>\u2014for instance, lung cancer and leukemia are both cancers, but they have different causes, symptoms, and treatments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a disease, cancer was clearly and thoroughly defined for the first time in 1999, when biologists Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan created a list of six qualities that all cancer cells possess\u2014the hallmarks of cancer. Here are the 6 hallmarks of cancer, explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Automatic mitosis. <\/strong>Cancer cells don\u2019t need chemical signals to divide; they\u2019re always \u201con.\u201d&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Non-responsive to antigrowth signals. <\/strong>Cancer cells do not respond to chemical signals that normally stop cell division.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>\u201cImmortality.\u201d <\/strong>Cancer cells do not respond to chemical signals that normally trigger cell death (called <em>apoptosis<\/em>).&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Limitless replication. <\/strong>Normal cells can divide a limited number of times; cancer cells bypass this limit, allowing for apparently infinite cell division.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Self-sustaining. <\/strong>Cancer cells induce nearby blood vessels to grow into the tumor, sustaining the tumor with oxygen and nutrients.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Mobility. <\/strong>Cancer cells can travel through the bloodstream and attach to other areas of the body (this is called <em>metastasis<\/em>).&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Refining the Definition of Cancer<\/strong><br><br>Although Weinberg and Hanahan aimed to provide clear guidelines for recognizing and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/understanding-cancer\/\">understanding cancer<\/a>, their list wasn\u2019t comprehensive. For example, the National Cancer Institute now recognizes <a href=\"http:\/\/cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/understanding\/what-is-cancer#cell-differences\">several other qualities of cancer<\/a> cells that Weinberg and Hanahan\u2019s list didn\u2019t include:<br><br>&#8211; <strong>Invade other tissue types. <\/strong>Most cells stop dividing when they encounter other types of cells\u2014for example, bone cells don\u2019t normally try to grow into and through muscle tissue\u2014but cancer cells invade any body part they encounter.&nbsp;<br><br>&#8211; <strong>Manipulate the immune system. <\/strong>The body\u2019s immune system normally finds and kills abnormal cells, but some cancerous cells can hide from it; in some cases, they can even trick the immune system into protecting a tumor rather than destroying it.<br><br>&#8211; <strong>Use different nutrients and chemical pathways. <\/strong>Cancer cells don\u2019t rely on the same nutrients as normal cells\u2014for example, while the amino acid glutamine is a preferred energy source for <em>all <\/em>types of cells, cancer cells can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2102057118\">substitute several different amino acids<\/a> for it, making them less reliant on that particular nutrient. Furthermore, cancer cells often process those nutrients differently and more quickly than healthy cells, allowing them to grow and multiply more quickly.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are the hallmarks of cancer? What are the six characteristics a cell has to possess to be considered cancerous? The hallmarks of cancer are the qualities that cells have to possess to be diagnosed as cancerous. The original six were proposed by Robert Weinberg and Douglas Hanahan: 1) automatic mitosis, 2) non-responsive to antigrowth signals, 3) &#8220;immortality,&#8221; 4) limitless replication, 5) self-sustaining, 6) mobility. Keep reading to learn about the hallmarks of cancer, explained by oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":27912,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,160],"tags":[611],"class_list":["post-65392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-science","tag-the-emperor-of-all-maladies","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The 6 Hallmarks of Cancer Explained by Oncologist - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The hallmarks of cancer are the qualities all cancerous cells possess. 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Learn about the six hallmarks of cancer, explained by an oncologist.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-05-01T11:34:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-05-05T15:45:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/blood-cells-red-science-medicine-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"The 6 Hallmarks of Cancer Explained by Oncologist\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-01T11:34:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-05T15:45:02+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/\"},\"wordCount\":532,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/blood-cells-red-science-medicine-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Emperor of All Maladies\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Health\",\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/\",\"name\":\"The 6 Hallmarks of Cancer Explained by Oncologist - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hallmarks-of-cancer-explained\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/blood-cells-red-science-medicine-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-01T11:34:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-05T15:45:02+00:00\",\"description\":\"The hallmarks of cancer are the qualities all cancerous cells possess. 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