{"id":63329,"date":"2022-04-05T06:37:55","date_gmt":"2022-04-05T10:37:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=63329"},"modified":"2022-04-22T09:39:47","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T13:39:47","slug":"bergers-ways-of-seeing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/bergers-ways-of-seeing\/","title":{"rendered":"John Berger\u2019s Ways of Seeing: Book Review"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is John Berger\u2019s <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em> about? What is the key message to take away from the book? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In his book <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em>, John Berger argues that, throughout history, the way we see art has been manipulated by a privileged minority to preserve their social and economic dominance. Berger\u2019s premise is that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dominant-caste\/\">dominant class<\/a> has always used art and art criticism to \u201cmystify\u201d the working class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s a brief overview of <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em> by John Berger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-john-berger-s-ways-of-seeing\">John Berger\u2019s <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>John Berger\u2019s <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em> challenges the idea that, to understand and appreciate works of art, we need experts to \u201ctranslate\u201d them for us. Rather, Berger urges us to pull back the curtain and look at the images before us with our own eyes. Using Marxist-feminist theory, Berger demonstrates how the elite mystifies art analysis and, by doing so, preserves the very <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/capitalism-theory\/\">capitalism<\/a> that he&#8217;s criticizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-book-s-author\">The Book&#8217;s Author<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>John Berger (b. 1926, d. 2017) was a modern renaissance man: He was a painter, teacher, poet, Booker Prize winning novelist, essayist, screenwriter, playwright, journalist, and\u2014most famously\u2014art critic. He is best known for his BBC television series \u201cWays of Seeing\u201d and its companion book: <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em>. Berger was born, raised, and educated in London, England, but spent the second half of his life in France, where he died at the age of 90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though never an official member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, Berger kept close ties with the association and was a leading figure in the <a href=\"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/section\/years-in-cultural-studies\/1956-british-new-left-gotzler\/\">British New Left<\/a>\u2014a political movement with strong ties to Marxist thought and which advocated for a range of progressive changes to society. Berger\u2019s social and political views greatly influenced his work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Publicly Available Works by John Berger:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ways-of-seeing.com\/\"><em>Ways of Seeing<\/em><\/a> (1972)<\/li><li>Watch \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0pDE4VX_9Kk\">Ways of Seeing<\/a>,\u201d the original television series on BBC (1972).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-book-s-publication-and-context\">The Book\u2019s Publication and Context<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Publisher: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguin.co.uk\/books\/564\/56465\/ways-of-seeing\/9780141035796.html#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%20BBC%20television,'\">Penguin Books<\/a> (1972)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-historical-context\">Historical Context<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWays of Seeing\u201d\u2014the BBC documentary series on which this book is based\u2014was broadcast in January of 1972, and <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em> was published later that year. At this time in history, the Western world was in the throes of <a href=\"https:\/\/royalhistsoc.org\/calendar\/era-value-change-seventies-europe\/\">social, political, and cultural transformation<\/a>. Beginning in the 1960s, enough time had passed following World War II that society shifted from an emphasis on rebuilding to a focus on social issues. Marginalized groups (particularly women and racial minorities) were fighting for equal rights, and hippie culture prioritized self-realization over materialism. Berger\u2019s ideas were presented at a time when society was ready and willing to embrace a shift in perspective\u2014especially to one that criticized the establishment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-intellectual-context\">Intellectual Context<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWays of Seeing\u201d has been heralded as a revolutionary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2018\/mar\/04\/civilisations-bbc-art-history-john-berger\">response<\/a> to Kenneth Clark\u2019s 1969 BBC art program, \u201cCivilisation,\u201d which traces <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/european-art-history\/\">European art history<\/a> from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century. In his program, Clark argues that art holds an inherent meaning that only an experienced art historian can uncover; in other words, there is a correct way to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/interpreting-art\/\">interpret art<\/a> <em>if<\/em> you are educated and experienced enough.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Berger held a decidedly different perspective: that the meaning of art is relative to who views it, along with its place and time in history. Berger was also deeply concerned with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-social-stratification-how-historical-accidents-divide-us\/\">class stratification<\/a> and the contributions and circumstances of people traditionally left out of art history, whereas Clark (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/32732818\/Essay_on_Sir_Kenneth_Clark_of_Civilisation\">who hailed from a wealthy family<\/a>) wasn\u2019t.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While Clark set an example for a means of public conversation about art, Berger\u2019s arguments have been more foundational to modern discourse. In 2018, the BBC series \u201cCivilisations,\u201d by Simon Schama, Mary Beard, and David Olusoga took up the project of updating and expanding the concept of \u201cCivilisation\u201d to cover world art history, not just European art history. Though it\u2019s a direct line to Clark\u2019s original, many commentators say the series owes a greater debt to John Berger and \u201cWays of Seeing\u201d for its emphasis on individual and cultural relativity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-book-s-impact\">The Book\u2019s Impact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Berger\u2019s ideas in <em>Ways of Seeing <\/em>inspired fierce debate on both sides of the Atlantic and spurred what has been <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/john-bergers-ways-of-seeing-and-his-search-for-home\">described as a revolution<\/a> in the way we think about art and art history. Today, <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em> is a foundational text in many college art courses and has sold over a million copies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-book-s-critical-reception\"><strong>The Book\u2019s <strong>Critical Reception<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Following Berger\u2019s death in 2017, critics took a renewed interest in <em>Ways of Seeing<\/em>. Contemporary reviews of the 50+ year-old book are overwhelmingly positive, with many noting how relevant Berger\u2019s views still are today\u2014particularly regarding the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2022\/jan\/17\/ways-of-seeing-at-50-how-john-bergers-radical-tv-series-changed-our-view-of-art\">exploitation and voyeurism of the female form<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the critiques of the series (and, therefore, the book), one pattern emerged: Critics take issue with the way Berger describes the European tradition of oil painting\u2014most commonly, they disagree with his stance that the \u201cmasters\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artforum.com\/print\/197602\/ways-of-seeing-36029\">broke with conventional methods<\/a> and, as a result, shouldn\u2019t be used to analyze the time period\u2019s painting traditions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-book-s-approach\">The Book\u2019s Approach<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ways of Seeing <\/em>is a collection of seven untitled essays, three of which are visual and contain no text. Berger informs the reader that these essays can be read in any order, and while each essay focuses on a different topic, there are connecting themes of perspective (\u201cways of seeing\u201d), and mystification.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the book\u2019s introduction, Berger emphasizes that his text isn\u2019t a prescription for <em>one <\/em>way to think about and interpret art; rather, it\u2019s an invitation to think critically about the way art is presented to us and how we\u2019re told to interpret it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is John Berger\u2019s Ways of Seeing about? What is the key message to take away from the book? In his book Ways of Seeing, John Berger argues that, throughout history, the way we see art has been manipulated by a privileged minority to preserve their social and economic dominance. Berger\u2019s premise is that the dominant class has always used art and art criticism to \u201cmystify\u201d the working class. Here&#8217;s a brief overview of Ways of Seeing by John Berger.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":63331,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,39,21],"tags":[595],"class_list":["post-63329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-history","category-philosophy","tag-ways-of-seeing","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>John Berger\u2019s Ways of Seeing: Book Review - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is John Berger\u2019s Ways of Seeing worth reading? 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