{"id":60957,"date":"2022-02-27T20:46:08","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T00:46:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=60957"},"modified":"2026-04-26T20:36:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T00:36:06","slug":"what-is-hawking-radiation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-hawking-radiation\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Hawking Radiation? So Far, Just a Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is Hawking radiation? Can black holes emit heat?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stephen Hawking published his theoretical prediction that radiation would be produced at the event horizon of a black hole in 1974, the same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. \u201cHawking radiation&#8221; was named after him, since it was regarded as his theoretical discovery. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Continue reading to learn about this theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hawking-radiation\"><strong>Hawking Radiation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What is Hawking radiation? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nothing can escape the gravity of a black hole from inside the event horizon, but radiation that\u2019s produced just outside the event horizon <em>can<\/em> escape\u2014and if it originates just outside the event horizon, it would <em>appear<\/em> to be coming from the black hole itself. Hawking discusses a special type of radiation produced by quantum fluctuations near the event horizon of a black hole. This radiation is known as \u201cHawking radiation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Hawking, the theory of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/quantum-mechanics-theory\/\">quantum mechanics<\/a> predicts that \u201cempty\u201d space is actually full of short-lived particles, or rather pairs of particles and antiparticles. Because of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hub\/science\/heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle-explained\/\">uncertainty principle<\/a>, there is a finite probability that a particle-antiparticle pair can spontaneously appear in empty space, and exist for a brief instant before they come back together and annihilate each other. Hawking called these particle-antiparticle pairs \u201cvirtual particles,\u201d and refers to the event where they are spontaneously generated as a quantum fluctuation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hawking points out that ordinarily, virtual particles don\u2019t last long enough to be detected. However, if a quantum fluctuation produces a photon and an antiphoton just outside the event horizon of a black hole, and the antiphoton falls into the black hole, while the photon moves away, then the photon survives indefinitely because the antiphoton can\u2019t come back out of the black hole to annihilate it. Thus, Hawking predicts that quantum fluctuations just outside the event horizon will result in a net flow of antiphotons into a black hole and photons (particles of light) away from the black hole\u2014meaning <strong>the black hole will have a faint glow.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Alternate Descriptions of Hawking Radiation<\/strong><br><br>Particle-antiparticle pairs are only one way of visualizing quantum fluctuations. Another way is to think about them as fluctuations in the energy-density of empty space, which cannot be deterministically zero because of the uncertainty principle.&nbsp;<br><br>In his original scientific paper on Hawking radiation, Hawking used the energy-density approach to calculate the radiation that is produced near a black hole. However, he chose to use the particle-antiparticle description in <em>A Brief History of Time<\/em>, perhaps because it\u2019s less mathematical and particles are easier to visualize than energy fields.&nbsp;<br><br>Nevertheless, some authors have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/startswithabang\/2020\/07\/09\/yes-stephen-hawking-lied-to-us-all-about-how-black-holes-decay\/?sh=b2995624e63a\">criticized him<\/a> for this, arguing that his original energy field description provides additional insight. For one thing, the quantum energy fields allow you to calculate the actual radiation produced, while the particle-antiparticle explanation doesn\u2019t.&nbsp;<br><br>The energy field description also lets you calculate the distribution of the radiation, revealing that it\u2019s produced in a region about fifteen times the size of the event horizon, with the intensity of the radiation highest near the event horizon, and tapering off as you get further away. Meanwhile, the particle-antiparticle description merely implies that Hawking radiation has to be produced near enough to the event horizon for the antiparticle to get trapped by the event horizon, without giving you a sense of how close it has to be for that to happen.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>The Search for Hawking Radiation<\/strong><br><br>To date, Hawking radiation remains largely theoretical, because it is too faint for astronomers to detect by pointing a telescope at a black hole. However, scientists have observed something analogous to Hawking radiation by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn19508-hawking-radiation-glimpsed-in-artificial-black-hole\/\">simulating an event horizon<\/a> in the laboratory.<br><br>Creating an actual gravitational event horizon in the laboratory is not possible at this point, but researchers were able to create a similar effect on a small scale using a block of glass and a high-powered infrared laser.&nbsp;<br><br>As we discussed earlier, light slows down when passing through materials such as glass. Moreover, sufficiently intense light of the right frequency can actually cause the properties of the glass to change, such that the speed of light in the glass is reduced even more. Thus, by firing a very short pulse of light at a block of glass, scientists can create a moving \u201cspeed bump\u201d that photons are unable to get past. Since it brings photons to a standstill, relative to itself, this \u201cspeed bump\u201d acts a lot like an event horizon.<br><br>Scientists observed photons emitted from the front of this artificial event horizon that matched Hawking\u2019s predictions for radiation from a real event horizon.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Hawking radiation? Can black holes emit heat? Stephen Hawking published his theoretical prediction that radiation would be produced at the event horizon of a black hole in 1974, the same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. \u201cHawking radiation&#8221; was named after him, since it was regarded as his theoretical discovery. Continue reading to learn about this theory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":60959,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[300],"class_list":["post-60957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-a-brief-history-of-time","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is Hawking Radiation? So Far, Just a Theory - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hawking predicted that a black hole will have a faint glow. To date, Hawking radiation remains largely theoretical. Learn about this theory.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-hawking-radiation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Is Hawking Radiation? So Far, Just a Theory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hawking predicted that a black hole will have a faint glow. To date, Hawking radiation remains largely theoretical. Learn about this theory.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-hawking-radiation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-28T00:46:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-27T00:36:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/what-is-hawking-radiation.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"370\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-hawking-radiation\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-hawking-radiation\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elizabeth Whitworth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d2928cf6c11a69ced1491d6a5b74fb13\"},\"headline\":\"What Is Hawking Radiation? 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