{"id":59668,"date":"2022-02-12T13:28:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-12T17:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=59668"},"modified":"2022-02-14T14:39:01","modified_gmt":"2022-02-14T18:39:01","slug":"common-logical-fallacies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/common-logical-fallacies\/","title":{"rendered":"Common Logical Fallacies, Errors, and Biases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What are some of the most common logical fallacies? Why do these fallacies occur? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two main kinds of thinking: fast and instinctive, and slow and logical. Both play important roles, but both cause logical fallacies when used in the wrong situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some of the most common logical fallacies that come from using the wrong kind of thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-conjunction-fallacy\"><strong>The Conjunction Fallacy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The conjunction fallacy\u2014the tendency to prefer a <em>plausible<\/em> story to a <em>probable<\/em> one\u2014is one of the most common logical fallacies. When a story makes sense to you, you\u2019re likely to believe it even if the true probability of it occurring is low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, consider a girl named Katrina who loves musicals. Now consider these statements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Katrina performs on stage.<\/li><li>Katrina performs on stage in a musical.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Many people pick the second option as most likely because it makes a better story<\/strong>: Katrina loves musicals, so she\u2019d perform in a musical. However, the <em>first<\/em> option is actually more likely in terms of probability because it\u2019s broader: It has just one condition (Katrina being on stage) rather than two (Katrina being on stage <em>and<\/em> in a musical).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/conjunction-fallacy-example\/\">conjunction fallacy<\/a> occurs when you use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fast-thinking\/\">fast thinking<\/a> instead of slow, Dobelli says. While your logical brain is still calculating the probability of an event, your instinctive thought process makes connections to explain why the event might occur. <strong>The connections it finds often form a plausible story, so you accept the instinctive connection rather than waiting for the logical probability.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-affect-heuristic\"><strong>The Affect Heuristic<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dobelli says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-affect-heuristic\/\">the affect heuristic<\/a> is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/mental-shortcuts\/\">mental shortcut<\/a> in which your brain makes <strong>rapid subconscious judgments of like or dislike.<\/strong> These \u201caffects\u201d influence your risk-benefit analyses: If your immediate judgment is good, you\u2019ll focus on the benefits of a situation, while if the affect is bad, you\u2019ll focus on the risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Heuristics like the affect heuristic aren\u2019t necessarily negative. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-a-heuristic-2795235\">They keep your brain working efficiently and help you make decisions.<\/a> The affect heuristic was particularly helpful to early humans because it quickly provides more data for risk analysis, and early humans faced regular life-threatening risks\u2014for instance, being attacked by wild predators. However, the information required for a good risk-benefit analysis in modern times is too complex for the affect heuristic to assess adequately, especially when emotions are involved. Rather than being beneficial, the heuristic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-the-affect-heuristic-2795028\">can lead you to make a risky decision merely because you\u2019re excited or delay a good decision because you\u2019re sad<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allowing affects to control your behavior is dangerous because they\u2019re manipulatable, Dobelli warns. <strong>Images and situations alter people\u2019s affects<\/strong>, changing the way you judge items or situations. For instance, marketers use cheerful pictures to give you a positive affect of their product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: You might assume that only <em>people<\/em> have affects based on appearance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/finding-new-home\/202009\/1-in-4-americans-takes-pill-might-increase-risk-taking#:~:text=To%20illustrate%2C%20a,judgments%20about%20risk.\">but any object can have them<\/a>. Machines that look intimidating, like a nuclear power plant, make people wary even if their benefits outweigh their risks. On the other hand, people downplay the risks of enticing items, like a motorcycle, even though they\u2019re extremely dangerous.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hyperbolic-discounting\"><strong>Hyperbolic Discounting<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another incorrect use of cognition is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hyperbolic-discounting-bias\/\">hyperbolic discounting<\/a>: <strong>the tendency to crave <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/immediate-gratification\/\">immediate gratification<\/a> and the willingness to sacrifice an unreasonable amount of money, time, or effort for that immediacy.<\/strong> It&#8217;s difficult for people to wait for things, Dobelli says, a tendency that accelerates the closer you come to attaining gratification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: While Dobelli doesn\u2019t define it as such, this is an example of overused hot cognition and underused cold cognition. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/108\/36\/14998.full.pdf\">People who can delay gratification have better-developed prefrontal cortexes<\/a>, the part of the brain that handles cold cognition. Thus, they <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/defer-gratification\/\">delay gratification<\/a> by using their prefrontal cortexes to engage cold cognition. Meanwhile, those with less developed prefrontal cortexes are more susceptible to the instinctual desire for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/immediate-gratification-2\/\">instant gratification<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dobelli says this is an instinctive trait from times when humans were more animalistic, noting that animals display this trait too. Consider wolves, who <a href=\"https:\/\/wolf.org\/wolf-info\/basic-wolf-info\/biology-and-behavior\/hunting-feeding-behavior\/#:~:text=However%2C%20wolves%20don%E2%80%99t%20actually%20eat%20everyday.%20Instead%2C%20they%20live%20a%20feast%20or%20famine%20lifestyle%3B%20they%20may%20go%20several%20days%20without%20a%20meal%20and%20then%20gorge%20on%20over%2020%20pounds%20of%20meat%20when%20a%20kill%20is%20made.\">eat almost half their body weight at once<\/a>. They can\u2019t delay gratification because they don\u2019t know when they\u2019ll have another meal. However, humans no longer need instant gratification to survive, so hyperbolic discounting just inspires bad decisions, like paying a high amount to get something quicker.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are some of the most common logical fallacies? Why do these fallacies occur? There are two main kinds of thinking: fast and instinctive, and slow and logical. Both play important roles, but both cause logical fallacies when used in the wrong situation. Here are some of the most common logical fallacies that come from using the wrong kind of thinking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":59603,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,43],"tags":[576],"class_list":["post-59668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-self-improvement","tag-the-art-of-thinking-clearly","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Common Logical Fallacies, Errors, and Biases - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Logical fallacies result from using the wrong kind of thinking. 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