{"id":59584,"date":"2022-02-05T08:19:18","date_gmt":"2022-02-05T12:19:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=59584"},"modified":"2022-02-06T08:24:29","modified_gmt":"2022-02-06T12:24:29","slug":"how-to-evaluate-an-argument","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-evaluate-an-argument\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Evaluate an Argument Using Logos"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is logos in the context of persuasion? How can you use logos to evaluate an argument? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Logos is used in persuasive arguments to convey logic and reason. Alternatively, you can use logos to evaluate an argument. There are three aspects of a rhetorical fallacy that you should keep an eye out for: weak proof, a bad conclusion, or a proof-conclusion disconnect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here’s how to evaluate an argument and identify faulty logic using logos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Use Logos<\/em> to Judge Others\u2019 Arguments<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In his book Thank You for Arguing, <\/em>Jay Heinrichs explains how to evaluate an argument by spotting faulty logic and identifying rhetorical fallacies. Rhetorical fallacies typically fall into three categories\u2014weak proof<\/em>, wrong number of choices<\/em>, and a proof-conclusion disconnect<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fallacy Type #1: Weak Proof<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Heinrichs says that weak proof fallacies often initially seem convincing. <\/strong>However, if you inspect the argument more closely, you\u2019ll find that the proof doesn\u2019t support the conclusion. Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

False analogy:<\/strong> Your persuader argues that because she\u2019s successful in one way, she\u2019ll be successful in an unrelated way. You\u2019ll see this frequently in politics. Many candidates discuss their life experiences\u2014as a mother or a soldier or a businessperson\u2014as \u201cproof\u201d of their ability. However, these experiences are unrelated to political experience and doing well in public office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Persuaders often use this tactic in a more subtle way than claiming that their experiences directly translate into ability. Instead, they use their experiences to convince you that they understand you<\/em> in a way other people can\u2019t, compelling you to trust them. For example, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ran much of her campaign for Congress on her background as a bartender in New York City<\/a>. She pushed the idea that, with her background, she\u2019s equipped to understand other \u201cregular people\u201d in a way most politicians can\u2019t.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fallacy of power: <\/strong>Your persuader tries to convince you that because someone in a position of power made the same choice she\u2019s advocating to you, it must be right. However, a powerful person won\u2019t always make the best choices, and their choice may not be best<\/a> for you<\/em>. For example, if a colleague wants to convince you to start work at 6 a.m., he might say, \u201cThe CEO is always in his office by 6. If he<\/em> does it, it must be a good idea.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: This fallacy is often effective because it taps into a particular \u201cheuristic,\u201d or automatic shortcut your brain creates to quickly analyze situations and make decisions. Throughout your life, you were likely trained to obey and trust authority figures\u2014this formed a heuristic: When an authority figure says something is the right thing to do, your brain automatically accepts it<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fallacy Type #2: Bad Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Heinrichs warns you to keep an eye on how many <\/em>choices your persuader is giving you in their argument.<\/strong> Bad conclusion fallacies often give you only one or two choices, instead of the true range of available choices. The most common version is the false dilemma fallacy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

False dilemma: <\/strong>This fallacy frames your choice as \u201ceither, or<\/em>\u201d when there are actually many choices available. For example, if your CEO is looking for ways to save money, he might say, \u201cWe can cut either overtime pay or Christmas bonuses.\u201d There are many<\/em> ways for an organization to save money, but the false dilemma restricts the choices to two types of pay cuts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: In The Art of Thinking Clearly<\/em>, Rolf Dobelli says that by artificially constricting your options, this fallacy can easily manipulate you into choosing the \u201cbetter\u201d of the two given options (though often, neither is particularly good)<\/a>. He suggests taking a step back to consider a wider pool of alternatives that your opponent may be keeping from you.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fallacy Type #3: Proof-Conclusion Disconnect<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Heinrichs explains that proof-conclusion disconnect fallacies either deliver a conclusion that\u2019s irrelevant to the argument, or they create a false link between proof and conclusion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The straw man fallacy: <\/strong>Your opponent focuses on one part of your argument and distorts it, misinterprets it, or oversimplifies it so that it becomes an easy-to-attack \u201cstraw man.\u201d For example, \u201cYou\u2019re against abstinence-only sex education? You\u2019re basically encouraging <\/em>teenagers to have sex and end up pregnant.\u201d The argument shifts from the complex issue of sex education toward the simple, easy-to-attack issue of whether to encourage teen pregnancy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: It can be frustrating to have your opponent distort your argument in this way, but be careful not to engage with their distortion. This is what they want<\/em>\u2014for you to adopt, in any way, the easy-to-attack position they\u2019ve assigned you. Instead, stay calm and continually redirect the conversation back to the original argument: \u201cI think you\u2019ve gotten off track here. What we\u2019re discussing is what type of sex education to provide in our school.\u201d) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chanticleer fallacy: <\/strong>This fallacy assumes that when one incident follows another, the first must have caused the second (named for the fabled rooster Chanticleer, who thought that his crowing caused the sun to rise). In other words, there\u2019s a mix-up between causation<\/em> and correlation<\/em>. For example: \u201cWomen who own horses have a longer average lifespan than those who don\u2019t. Having a horse therefore contributes to longevity.\u201d This argument assumes that horse ownership causes<\/em> longevity, but the two are only correlated<\/em>. It\u2019s more likely that the type of women who can afford horses can also afford top-notch health care. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: If your opponent uses this fallacy to convince you of causation<\/em> where you feel there may only be correlation<\/em>, try deliberately slowing down your thinking<\/a>. Look for more obvious causes by repeatedly asking yourself, \u201cWhy?\u201d (for example, \u201cWhy<\/em> would the type of women who own horses live longer?\u201d) and considering the situation\u2019s nuances.) <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is logos in the context of persuasion? How can you use logos to evaluate an argument? Logos is used in persuasive arguments to convey logic and reason. Alternatively, you can use logos to evaluate an argument. There are three aspects of a rhetorical fallacy that you should keep an eye out for: weak proof, a bad conclusion, or a proof-conclusion disconnect. Here’s how to evaluate an argument and identify faulty logic using logos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":59627,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,15],"tags":[574],"class_list":["post-59584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-education","tag-thank-you-for-arguing","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Evaluate an Argument Using Logos - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When judging an argument, there are three aspects of a rhetorical fallacy to watch out for. 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