{"id":54297,"date":"2021-12-21T13:47:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-21T17:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=54297"},"modified":"2021-12-30T13:47:41","modified_gmt":"2021-12-30T17:47:41","slug":"subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/","title":{"rendered":"How Greed Fueled the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What caused the United States <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-a-subprime-mortgage\/\">subprime mortgage<\/a> crisis in 2008? How did the mortgage meltdown spill out into a global financial crisis?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The United States subprime mortgage crisis was years in the making. However, few could anticipate one of the biggest financial crises in history\u2014in spite of the warning signs. At its heart, was a relatively new class of asset: the mortgage-backed security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we&#8217;ll discuss how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-are-mortgage-backed-securities\/\">mortgage-backed securities<\/a> caused the biggest financial crisis in the eight preceding decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-caused-the-2008-subprime-mortgage-crisis\">What Caused the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The deadly virus that infected the global financial system in 2008 was a relatively new class of asset: the mortgage-backed security. At its most basic level, <strong>a mortgage-backed security was a bond, a debt instrument.<\/strong> But it was very different from a traditional bond that might be issued by a government or a corporation. These latter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/types-of-bonds-in-finance\/\">types of bonds<\/a> were essentially loans, for which the lender would be paid a fixed interest rate over a given period of time until the bond matured and the bondholder received the principal (or \u201cface value\u201d as it\u2019s sometimes known).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditional bonds always entailed <em>some <\/em>level of risk (the company or government from which you purchased your bonds could default, or fall behind on; payment or interest rates could rise and erode the value of your bond on the open market), but these risks were relatively transparent and easy-to-understand for most investors. This was <em>not <\/em>to be the case with mortgage-backed securities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mortgage-backed securities brought the world of high finance into the lives of everyday Americans<\/strong>\u2014even if they had no idea how much their homes had become chips on the table in the vast casino of global finance. A mortgage-backed security was <strong>a bundle of home mortgages (often running into the thousands) that had been packaged together into a tradable asset.<\/strong> Investors would purchase different tranches, or tiers, of the bonds, only now they were exposed to a much higher risk of actual <em>defaults<\/em><strong><em>, <\/em>because the bonds were composed of subprime mortgages.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/TcDYS0f8ZtkOr-b1n-YTS1v3lcvTWaNmqdTcFPJsZBPsRsrmRx7bXT9e2XwCPOg9zLT8iUm4G66uYXYzTvvjkKAQrhI6gRZ_a1nOfmrPtnnf5yPp9VjXXfQmUftVmt5QIYn2J9Er\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Subprime mortgage loan originators were happy to issue loans to almost anybody. Bad credit score? No problem! No income? Nothing to worry about! Past history of delinquency and\/or foreclosure? Everyone deserves a second chance!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Home prices seemed to be going up and up with no end in sight. Indeed, the U.S. was living through a period in which the residential <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/current-housing-market\/\">housing market<\/a> had been on a general upward trend since the end of World War Two. The most secure, rock-solid investment appeared to be in homes. For this reason, subprime lenders were largely unconcerned with the risk of default. With the price of their homes always rising,<strong> <\/strong>borrowers would always be able to refinance easily. Refinancing simply meant using the equity in one\u2019s home as a form of collateral to obtain a <em>new <\/em>loan. With this cash, people could pay their original mortgages (thus eliminating the possibility of default) and just take on new debt. It was a way to use a home as a piggy bank, a source of easy cash for over-extended borrowers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-contagion-spreads\"><strong>The Contagion Spreads<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By October 2006, the doomsday was already underway. Home prices were falling and borrowers were defaulting. The bonds started turning sour and the big players on Wall Street began to feel the pain. In June 2007, Bear Stearns announced that it had lost $3.8 billion on subprime mortgage securities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The exposure to the fallout from subprime wasn\u2019t just limited to Bear Stearns. British bank&nbsp; HSBC also announced in 2007 that they had taken major losses in their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-lending\/\">subprime lending<\/a> business. These bonds were like a virus that had infected <em>all <\/em>of the major financial firms. And given the complexity of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-a-cdo\/\">CDOs<\/a>, very few people inside or outside these firms could tell exactly <em>how much<\/em> exposure they had to subprime. No one knew for sure just how much of these toxic assets were littered across the balance sheets of the world\u2019s leading financial institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Words: Greed Fueled It All <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Above all, <strong>greed and short-sightedness were the prime drivers of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis.<\/strong> The big banks saw that they could get rich by extending mortgage loans to the least-creditworthy Americans and then bundling those loans into complex financial derivatives that they sold off to unwitting and uninformed investors.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In just a few years, these poorly understood financial products spread like a virus throughout the financial system, exposing both Wall Street and Main Street to catastrophic risk. Major players\u2014including the big investment banks, the ratings agencies, insurance companies\u2014all contributed to the creation and proliferation of these dubious financial innovations because they were enormously profitable.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ordinary homebuyers weren\u2019t inexcusable either\u2014many took on mortgage terms that they had little chance of being able to meet, and some bought multiple houses on meager salaries. While the deceptive nature of how mortgages were marketed played a part in this behavior, consumers were also clearly trying to cash in on skyrocketing housing prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, all major stakeholders in the ecosystem were fueled by the desire for profit, which made it easy to overlook the risks. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What caused the United States subprime mortgage crisis in 2008? How did the mortgage meltdown spill out into a global financial crisis? The United States subprime mortgage crisis was years in the making. However, few could anticipate one of the biggest financial crises in history\u2014in spite of the warning signs. At its heart, was a relatively new class of asset: the mortgage-backed security. In this article, we&#8217;ll discuss how mortgage-backed securities caused the biggest financial crisis in the eight preceding decades.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":2434,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81,39,31],"tags":[52],"class_list":["post-54297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","category-history","category-money","tag-big-short","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Greed Fueled the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis was years in the making. However, few could anticipate it in spite of the warning signs. Read more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Greed Fueled the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis was years in the making. However, few could anticipate it in spite of the warning signs. Read more.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-12-21T17:47:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-30T17:47:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/big-short-what-is-subprime-lending.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"764\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"511\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"How Greed Fueled the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-21T17:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-30T17:47:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\"},\"wordCount\":861,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/big-short-what-is-subprime-lending.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Big Short\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economics\",\"History\",\"Money\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/\",\"name\":\"How Greed Fueled the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/subprime-mortgage-crisis-2008\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/big-short-what-is-subprime-lending.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-21T17:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-30T17:47:41+00:00\",\"description\":\"The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis was years in the making. 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