{"id":54196,"date":"2021-11-06T14:27:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-06T18:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=54196"},"modified":"2021-11-15T14:43:55","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T18:43:55","slug":"incentive-caused-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/incentive-caused-bias\/","title":{"rendered":"Incentive-Caused Bias: Definition and Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is incentive-caused bias? How do you prevent reward bias?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Incentive-caused bias is the tendency of people to maximize their rewards within any <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-incentive-meaning-and-definition-economics\/\">incentive<\/a> scheme. When people gain rewards for acting in a certain way, they will find it difficult to act otherwise, even when doing so would violate the intent of their obligations. You can prevent reward bias by designing incentive schemes that cannot be easily manipulated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on to learn more about incentive-caused bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Is It?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Self-interest drives human behavior. If someone receives rewards for doing a behavior, they will do that behavior again and again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Research shows that once a behavior is conditioned, a random distribution of rewards keeps the behavior in place the longest\u2014think a slot machine rather than a fixed, predictable payment like a salary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rewards are also known as incentives. Common incentives include money, friendship, sex, and advancement in social status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People, institutions, and society often design incentive schemes to promote certain behavior. However, incentive-caused bias happens when people start to game incentive schemes to maximize rewards for themselves, even if it violates the intent of the incentive scheme and comes at the expense of the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why It Evolved<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The brain has a simple algorithm: \u201cRepeat behavior that works.\u201d Here, what works is what gives the person rewards. Why would the brain evolve any differently?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How Can Incentive-Caused Bias Be Harmful<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Incentive-caused bias happens consciously or subconsciously. If you have an incentive to think a certain way, you will find it hard to think any other way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because people will maximize their rewards within any incentive scheme, <strong>poorly designed incentives cause bad behaviors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For example, if a surgeon is financially rewarded for each gallbladder she takes out, she\u2019ll tend to take out gallbladders, regardless of whether the patient actually needs it taken out.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If people start acting badly because of an incentive scheme, they won\u2019t see themselves as bad people. Instead, they\u2019ll rationalize the bad behavior in a way that preserves their integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For example, the surgeon above won\u2019t think, \u201cI\u2019m getting easy cash by fraudulently excising gallbladders.\u201d Instead, she\u2019ll think gallbladders are the source of all evil, and any doctor who loves her patients will take out every gallbladder she can.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bad behaviors become intensely habit-forming when they are rewarded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Munger cites a number of cases where properly designed reward schemes prevented incentive-caused bias and encouraged the right behavior:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Package shipper Fedex had trouble getting all their packages processed in late night shifts. They tried a lot of management tactics, to no effect. Finally, they changed the pay model from pay per hour to pay per shift (workers wouldn\u2019t get paid until they finished processing all the packages). Magically, the productivity problems disappeared and all the packages were processed on time.<\/li><li>Government contracts used to be awarded on a \u201ccost-plus\u201d basis\u2014whatever the vendor quoted, the government would add a percentage to allow for profits. Naturally, this caused vendors to embellish their quotes. The government switched to fixed-fee contracts, where vendors are paid a fixed amount regardless of their costs\u2014immediately, the costs for each contract plummeted.<\/li><li>Munger discussed a native European tribe that killed the last warrior to line up in his place. \u201cNo one enjoyed fighting this tribe.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There are also cases where warped or missing incentives cause bad behavior:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Expert advisors often recommend things that benefit themselves. Says Munger, \u201cI have never seen a management consultant\u2019s report that didn\u2019t end with the same advice: \u2018This problem needs more management consulting services.\u2019\u201d<\/li><li>Munger notes that the capitalist free market promotes brutal competition between participants, which allows the smartest, most efficient participants to survive. In contrast, non-profit or government environments have employees paid fixed amounts with no incentives to be more efficient, causing a steep loss of efficiency.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Antidotes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t reward behaviors you don\u2019t want. Don\u2019t design incentive structures that are easily manipulated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To prevent incentive-caused bias in any reward scheme, apply audits to check for good behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cash registers deter employee theft.<\/li><li>Misbehaving employees should be publicly punished to deter future misbehavior.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-get-advice\/\">getting advice<\/a> from advisors, be healthily skeptical, especially of advice that benefits the advisor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Learn the basic elements of your advisor\u2019s trade so you can sniff out bad advice.<\/li><li>Double check, disbelieve, or replace much of what you\u2019re told.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Employers can behave poorly as well. To limit employer bad behavior:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Allow formation of unions to protect workers.<\/li><li>Apply regulation to rein in bad behavior.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is incentive-caused bias? How do you prevent reward bias? Incentive-caused bias is the tendency of people to maximize their rewards within any incentive scheme. When people gain rewards for acting in a certain way, they will find it difficult to act otherwise, even when doing so would violate the intent of their obligations. You can prevent reward bias by designing incentive schemes that cannot be easily manipulated. Read on to learn more about incentive-caused bias.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":54198,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,9,30],"tags":[533],"class_list":["post-54196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-management","category-psychology","category-work","tag-poor-charlies-almanack","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Incentive-Caused Bias: Definition and Examples - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Incentive caused bias leads people to maximize their rewards even when doing so would cause harm. Here is how to prevent this bad habit.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/incentive-caused-bias\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Incentive-Caused Bias: Definition and Examples\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Incentive caused bias leads people to maximize their rewards even when doing so would cause harm. 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