{"id":50582,"date":"2021-10-08T11:10:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-08T15:10:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=50582"},"modified":"2021-10-13T09:05:43","modified_gmt":"2021-10-13T13:05:43","slug":"humans-and-apes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/humans-and-apes\/","title":{"rendered":"The Sociosexual Habits of Humans and Apes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What can the sociosexual habits of apes teach us about the evolution of human sexuality? Were the authors of <em>Sex at Dawn <\/em>right to compare the habits of humans and apes?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the book <em>Sex at Dawn, <\/em>authors Ryan and Jeth\u00e1 say they can disprove the standard narrative of human sexuality by looking at the sociosexual habits of great apes, specifically chimpanzees and bonobos. However, other scientists have questioned Ryan and Jeth\u00e1&#8217;s conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading for Ryan and Jeth\u00e1&#8217;s findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Evidence From Great Apes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To refute the standard narrative of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-human-sexuality\/\">history of human sexuality<\/a>, Ryan and Jeth\u00e1 use evidence from three sources: the sociosexual habits of great apes with close genetic links to humans, observations of remote <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hunter-gatherer-societies\/\">hunter-gatherer societies<\/a>, and human biology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ll begin by comparing humans and apes and examining the evidence from the great apes: specifically, chimpanzees and bonobos, which are species with non-monogamous (or multimale-multifemale) mating systems.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Chimpanzees<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the authors, twentieth-century scientists thought chimpanzees were a nearly perfect model of ancient, unrestrained, \u201cprimal\u201d humans because while they exhibit very human behaviors, they\u2019re far less inhibited and more openly brutal than modern humans. These scientists also speculated that chimps\u2019 approach to sex must represent ancient humans\u2019 primal reproductive instincts: instincts that we still have, but repress.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: This belief that chimp behavior\u2014sexual or otherwise\u2014is equivalent to primal human behavior is why, in <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-chimp-paradox\"><em>The Chimp Paradox<\/em><\/a>, psychiatrist Steve Peters refers to humans\u2019 most instinctive urges and emotional reactions as the \u201cInner Chimp\u201d that must be controlled by the rational \u201cInner Human.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors note that chimps are quite promiscuous, and female chimpanzees often mate multiple times per day with various males. However, sex for chimpanzees is almost exclusively reproductive\u2014female chimps are only sexually active during the fertile period of their menstrual cycles. (Shortform note: While female chimps may <em>attempt<\/em> promiscuity while fertile, they\u2019re not always successful. <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencing.com\/chimpanzee-mating-habits-6703991.html\">Aggressive male chimpanzees have been known to physically restrain ovulating females<\/a> to prevent them from mating with other males in the community.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bonobos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ryan and Jeth\u00e1 note that, like chimpanzees, bonobos are famously promiscuous. However, for bonobos, sex serves important purposes beyond reproduction: It\u2019s the social glue that holds the group together. This is evident in the fact that bonobos also engage in other forms of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/physical-intimacy-in-a-relationship\/\">sexual intimacy<\/a> to cement their bond, like kissing and looking into one another\u2019s eyes while mating. (Shortform note: Bonobos\u2019 non-reproductive approach to sex goes even further: Other researchers have observed bonobos engaging in oral sex and even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/09\/13\/science\/bonobos-apes-matriarchy.html\">making sex toys out of fallen tree branches<\/a>. Bonobos also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/earth\/story\/20160317-do-bonobos-really-spend-all-their-time-having-sex\">frequently engage in female-female and male-male sexual contact<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crucially, bonobos don\u2019t exhibit the same patterns of male aggression, jealousy, and attempts to control <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/women-sexuality\/\">female sexuality<\/a> that we see in humans. The authors believe this means that these social patterns are rooted in our modern culture, not ancient biology. (Shortform note: Some reviewers have questioned this conclusion because scientists <em>have <\/em>observed aggression in wild bonobos. According to anthropologist Ryan Ellsworth, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230796627_The_myth_of_promiscuity_A_review_of_Lynn_Saxon_Sex_at_Dusk_Lifting_the_Shiny_Wrapping_from_Sex_at_Dawn\">Ryan and Jeth\u00e1 gave a purposefully incomplete overview of the evidence from great apes in order to make their point<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From Great Apes to Humans<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While chimpanzees and bonobos\u2014our two closest evolutionary cousins\u2014have different approaches to sex and reproduction, they both practice the same multimale-multifemale mating system. Thus, the authors conclude that this is the most natural mating system for social primates\u2014including humans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: In her review of <em>Sex at Dawn<\/em>, Emily Nagoski takes issue with this conclusion. She argues that <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140808123320\/http:\/\/www.thedirtynormal.com\/blog\/2013\/02\/22\/book-review-sex-at-dawn\/\">primate sexuality is meant to adapt to the social context<\/a>. In other words, for primates, sex can serve whatever purpose we need or want it to serve (such as reproduction, pleasure, or control) depending on our circumstances and relationships. That means that, while one mating system may be \u201cnatural\u201d for bonobos and chimps, that doesn\u2019t mean the same system is \u201cnatural\u201d for humans, who have much more complex social systems.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What can the sociosexual habits of apes teach us about the evolution of human sexuality? Were the authors of Sex at Dawn right to compare the habits of humans and apes? In the book Sex at Dawn, authors Ryan and Jeth\u00e1 say they can disprove the standard narrative of human sexuality by looking at the sociosexual habits of great apes, specifically chimpanzees and bonobos. However, other scientists have questioned Ryan and Jeth\u00e1&#8217;s conclusions. Keep reading for Ryan and Jeth\u00e1&#8217;s findings.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":50591,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[508],"class_list":["post-50582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-sex-at-dawn","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Sociosexual Habits of Humans and Apes - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to the authors of Sex at Dawn, humans can look at great apes to learn about the history of human sexuality. 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