{"id":42321,"date":"2021-07-14T16:26:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T20:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=42321"},"modified":"2021-07-19T15:19:43","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T19:19:43","slug":"environment-and-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/","title":{"rendered":"Environment and Economics: A Thorny History"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the historical connection between the environment and economics? How do economic interests impact environmental policy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <em>Merchants of Doubt<\/em>, historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway look at the tense relationship between the environment and economics. They explain why environmental issues are major targets for merchants of doubt\u2014people or organizations who discredit science that threatens their agenda or ideology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more to learn about the historic connection between the environment and economics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Link Between the Environment and Economics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Environmental issues are thorny for a few reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. They often expose market failure. <\/strong>Markets don\u2019t self-regulate when it comes to pollution or environmental damage because their effects don\u2019t contribute to the cost of a service or good. When markets fail, governments often intervene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of the link between the environment and economics, environmental issues are major targets for merchants of doubt (MODs), who support free-market economics and abhor government interference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three major ways the government intervenes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Cap-and-trade.<\/strong> The government sells a limited number of permits to pollute, and companies can buy or trade them. This makes pollution part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/free-market-system\/\">free market system<\/a>.<\/li><li><strong>Direct R&amp;D funding. <\/strong>The government funds programs that will reduce pollution and environmental damage.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Regulation. <\/strong>The government legislates how much companies can pollute. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon found that regulation is likely the most effective intervention because it encourages innovation\u2014companies have to figure out a way to meet pollution targets, so they\u2019ll invest in their own R&amp;D and may come up with solutions that actually save them money and are a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/business-competitive-advantage\/\">competitive advantage<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Science is never completely certain,<\/strong> so when it comes to informing policy, policymakers have to judge whether what <em>is<\/em> known is enough to outweigh what isn\u2019t and justify action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. To best prevent damage, regulation often needs to happen <\/strong><strong><em>before<\/em><\/strong><strong> the damage actually occurs.<\/strong> This creates the following challenges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Scientists can\u2019t necessarily prove something is bad for the environment because the evidence is the damage they\u2019re trying to avoid.<\/li><li>Merchants of doubt can more legitimately bring up uncertainty and lack of proof to delay regulation.<\/li><li>Regulators need to keep reevaluating and updating policy as scientists discover more.<\/li><li>The link between the environment and economics is complex. It\u2019s hard to put a number on the value of clean air and species conservation. It\u2019s a lot easier to do the math on how expensive it is to reduce pollution. Usually, the more a policy will cost, the more certainty that\u2019s required.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A History of U.S. Environmentalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In the first two-thirds of the 19th century, environmentalism was \u201cpreservationist\u201d\u2014focused on preserving natural places.<\/strong> This kind of environmentalism was popular and bipartisan\u2014many people valued outdoor recreation and aesthetics and felt that preserving the environment was moral. (For example, when the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives voted on the 1964 Wilderness Act, it passed by a landslide.) Some environmentalists were interested in science, but people didn\u2019t need proof to see the value in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eventually, the U.S. saw the emergence of the thorny relationship between the environment and economics. During <strong>Nixon\u2019s term (1969-1974), <\/strong>scientists and the population began to realize that economic activity polluted the environment, often unintentionally. <strong>Environmentalism shifted toward pollution prevention. <\/strong>The government started to regulate industry when science showed a need. (For example, the government established regulatory bodies such as&nbsp; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/importance-of-environmental-protection\/\">Environmental Protection<\/a> Agency and legislation such as the Clean Water Act.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People also started to realize:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Local pollution could have larger implications.<\/strong> (Shortform example: If a gardener used pesticides in her yard, the pesticides might run off into the lake and affect her entire town\u2019s water supply.)&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Free market <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/capitalism-theory\/\">capitalism<\/a> comes with huge external costs.<\/strong> External costs don\u2019t come with any benefit (you haven\u2019t gotten anything good for the money you\u2019ve spent) and often the people who pay for them wouldn\u2019t have chosen to \u201cbuy\u201d them. (Shortform example: The gardener doesn\u2019t gain anything from having polluted the lake, and city hall will have to pay to clean up the water supply. The city probably would have chosen <em>not<\/em> to pollute so it wouldn\u2019t have to pay the costs.)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>During Reagan\u2019s term (1981-1989), the Republican Party shifted away from both preservation and regulation. <\/strong>This shift would often put the government in conflict with science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tense relationship between the environment and economics is part of the fabric of history and a factor in the doubt-mongering that has been a part of the debate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the historical connection between the environment and economics? How do economic interests impact environmental policy? In Merchants of Doubt, historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway look at the tense relationship between the environment and economics. They explain why environmental issues are major targets for merchants of doubt\u2014people or organizations who discredit science that threatens their agenda or ideology. Read more to learn about the historic connection between the environment and economics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":42334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81,39,160],"tags":[427],"class_list":["post-42321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","category-history","category-science","tag-merchants-of-doubt","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Environment and Economics: A Thorny History - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Doubt-mongering in the environmentalism debate in America is due to the thorny link between the environment and economics.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Environment and Economics: A Thorny History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Doubt-mongering in the environmentalism debate in America is due to the thorny link between the environment and economics.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-14T20:26:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-07-19T19:19:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/environment-and-economics.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"358\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elizabeth Whitworth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d2928cf6c11a69ced1491d6a5b74fb13\"},\"headline\":\"Environment and Economics: A Thorny History\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-14T20:26:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-07-19T19:19:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\"},\"wordCount\":768,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/environment-and-economics.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Merchants of Doubt\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economics\",\"History\",\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-economics\/\",\"name\":\"Environment and Economics: A Thorny History - 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