{"id":41888,"date":"2021-07-16T07:37:19","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T11:37:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=41888"},"modified":"2021-07-19T07:35:02","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T11:35:02","slug":"ape-association","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ape-association\/","title":{"rendered":"The Black-Ape Association Needs to Be Stopped"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How present is the black-ape association in the modern-day? Is it possible to accurately measure implicit bias? How is it that so many experts are in denial about this dangerous mindset?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people think that the black-ape association was a thing of the past, something from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/jim-crow-segregation-nasa\/\">Jim Crow<\/a> era. However, there are still modern and dehumanizing comparisons of black people to apes or other animals today and they can have deadly consequences. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Continue below for a brief history of the black-ape association and the dangers it causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Ape Association<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, the association between black people and apes is conscious and explicit. For example, in her book <em>Biased, <\/em>Jennifer Eberhardt describes how, in 2016, leaked text messages between San Francisco police officers showed similar dehumanizing language comparing black people to wild animals. And after the election of Barack Obama, online media exploded with<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/18\/new-york-post-cartoon-race\"> racist animal comparisons<\/a> targeting not just the president but his entire family\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.diversityinc.com\/malia-obama-fox-news\/\">including his young daughters<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s difficult to quantify just how common this form of racism really is because it often plays out on a much less public stage. For example, the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia at Ferris State University publishes a selection of private letters it receives every year, including a 2012 letter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ferris.edu\/HTMLS\/news\/jimcrow\/letters\/2012\/apes.htm\">arguing that black people are &#8220;closer to apes than to humans&#8221;<\/a> and a 2017 letter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ferris.edu\/HTMLS\/news\/jimcrow\/letters\/2017\/HowMany.htm\">accusing the museum of enabling \u201cmonkey children\u201d to become rapists and murderers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this particular form of bias isn\u2019t always so blatant; the implicit association between black people and apes lurks quietly in our collective subconscious. Eberhardt covers a few studies of subliminal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/priming-meaning\/\">priming<\/a> uncovering racism:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>People subliminally exposed to line drawings of apes focused longer on black faces than white faces in implicit association tests.<\/li><li>In the famous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo&amp;feature=youtu.be\">\u201cinvisible gorilla\u201d test<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-selective-attention\/\">selective attention<\/a>, participants primed with stereotypically black names (like Jamal and Shaniqua) notice the gorilla 70% of the time, compared to just 45% of participants primed with white names (like Brad and Katie).<\/li><li>In another study, participants who were primed with ape-related words (like \u201cgorilla\u201d) and viewed a video of police officers beating a suspect were more likely to say the violence was justified when they were told the suspect was black. When they were told the suspect was white, the priming didn\u2019t have an effect.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These studies point to an implicit association between black people and animals. This is dehumanizing, and it makes people more likely to condone violence against black people since they implicitly see them as subhuman. The fact that this operates at a subconscious level is concerning\u2014<strong>even people who<\/strong> <strong>work hard to avoid conscious racial bias can actively contribute to increased violence against black people.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can Priming Studies Accurately Measure Implicit Bias?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of priming techniques in social psychology studies has come under fire in recent years. Critics claim that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03755-2\">the results of priming studies often can&#8217;t be replicated<\/a>, which is concerning because replication is a crucial part of determining whether researchers have stumbled on a real phenomenon. If their results can\u2019t be replicated by other researchers in other places, they\u2019re more likely to be a statistical fluke.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To complicate things further, there are many different types of priming, some of which are easier to scientifically validate than others. Many of the studies on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/implicit-racial-bias\/\">implicit racial bias<\/a> rely on <em>subliminal<\/em> <em>priming<\/em>, where participants are exposed to stimuli (like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.collingwoodresearch.com\/uploads\/8\/3\/6\/0\/8360930\/dovidio_et_al__1997_.pdf\">faces<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Stereotypes-and-prejudice%3A-Their-automatic-and-Devine\/c6aadfa3e14cac111907f12c1b3d97db62e413a1?p2df\">words<\/a>) so quickly that they\u2019re not consciously aware of it. A 2018 analysis found that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-328X\/8\/6\/54\/htm\">the experimental design of subliminal priming studies makes all the difference<\/a>\u2014in other words, studies that were properly designed found much more reliable results than studies that used less scientifically-robust methods. The same analysis also highlighted the importance of using EEGs to directly monitor participants\u2019 neurological responses to priming.&nbsp;<br>Other studies of implicit bias rely on <em>supraliminal priming<\/em>, where participants are consciously aware of what they\u2019re seeing (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Travis-Dixon\/publication\/228628796_Psychological_Reactions_to_Crime_News_Portrayals_of_Black_Criminals_Understanding_the_Moderating_Roles_of_Prior_News_Viewing_and_Stereotype_Endorsement\/links\/556f4c7908aefcb861dd7964\/Psychological-Reactions-to-Crime-News-Portrayals-of-Black-Criminals-Understanding-the-Moderating-Roles-of-Prior-News-Viewing-and-Stereotype-Endorsement.pdf\">news reports<\/a>). Scientists haven\u2019t tried to replicate these particular studies yet, so it\u2019s hard to say whether the results are reproducible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Implicit Racial Bias in Modern Science<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Like many modern scientists, <em>Biased <\/em>author Jennifer Eberhardt frequently presents the results of her studies at academic conferences. When she first presented her findings on the black-ape association, she expected her colleagues to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-be-skeptical\/\">be skeptical<\/a> and shocked. Instead, they accepted her research easily\u2014the fact that most people have an implicit mental link between black people and apes made sense to them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, these same scientists questioned Eberhardt\u2019s conclusion that the black-ape association is a form of racial bias; instead, they argued that her results were probably just a case of color matching. Their logic was that black people and apes are both dark in color, so it makes sense that seeing one would make people more likely to notice the other (in reality, most of Eberhardt\u2019s studies used line drawings or words, not color images, so the color matching theory falls flat).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There\u2019s a disconnect between theory and experience here: <strong>Eberhardt\u2019s white colleagues see racial bias as an abstract concept because they lack the context of lived experience<\/strong>. Without that perspective, they don\u2019t realize that rationalizing the black-ape association is a form of racial bias in itself. They\u2019re essentially saying, \u201cIt makes sense to equate black people with animals because they really <em>are <\/em>more like animals than white people are,\u201d even if they\u2019re not consciously thinking that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ape Jokes Have Deadly Consequences<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><br>The idea that the black-ape association is logical, harmless, and not about race is dangerous. In 2009, researchers studied <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.cornell.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1063&amp;context=clsops_papers\">the impact of the black-ape association on threats to assassinate Barack Obama<\/a>. The researchers determined that the black-ape association\u2014particularly in the form of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/18\/new-york-post-cartoon-race\">controversial political cartoon<\/a>\u2014directly contributed to the unprecedented number of threats on President Obama\u2019s life. These threats were part of the reason the Department of Homeland Security authorized Secret Service protection for then-Senator Obama beginning in 2007, a full 18 months before he was first elected president. The researchers found that many of the \u201cape\u201d and \u201cmonkey\u201d comments levied against the Obama family were written off as jokes. However, in the context of hundreds of years of people using the ape association to justify discrimination and violence against black people, those \u201cjokes\u201d become genuinely dangerous.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How present is the black-ape association in the modern-day? Is it possible to accurately measure implicit bias? How is it that so many experts are in denial about this dangerous mindset? Many people think that the black-ape association was a thing of the past, something from the Jim Crow era. However, there are still modern and dehumanizing comparisons of black people to apes or other animals today and they can have deadly consequences. Continue below for a brief history of the black-ape association and the dangers it causes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":41917,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,9,24],"tags":[424],"class_list":["post-41888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-psychology","category-society","tag-biased","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Black-Ape Association Needs to Be Stopped - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Many people assume that the black-ape association was a thing of the past. 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