{"id":39908,"date":"2021-06-24T10:03:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-24T14:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=39908"},"modified":"2021-06-26T14:52:30","modified_gmt":"2021-06-26T18:52:30","slug":"how-to-critique-a-book","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-critique-a-book\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Critique a Book the Mortimer Adler Way"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Want to know how to critique a book the right way? Why is it important to critique the books you read? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Mortimer Adler, the author of <em>How to Read a Book,<\/em> your job as a reader is to determine which of her problems the author has solved, which she has not, and decide if the author knew she had failed to solve them\u2014 because there is no book that is free of fault.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is how you properly critique a book according to Adler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Critiquing a Book<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Up until this point, you\u2019ve been keeping your mouth shut while you read and absorbing the author&#8217;s work. After you finish understanding a book, you can argue with the author and express yourself by learning how to critique a book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reading a book is like a conversation. Your obligation as a reader is to talk back, even though the author isn\u2019t there.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no book so good that no fault can be found with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ve been conditioned to think that teachable students are those who passively swallow knowledge without independent judgment. The opposite is true &#8211; the teachable reader is the most critical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Your job is to <strong>determine which of her problems the author has solved, which she has not, and decide if the author knew she had failed to solve them<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complete Your Understanding First<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Until you\u2019ve completed your understanding, you don\u2019t have the right to say \u201cI agree,\u201d \u201cI disagree,\u201d or \u201cI suspend judgment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine how silly this sentiment is: \u201cI don\u2019t know what you\u2019re saying, but I disagree.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Analogy: if a person argues with you, but she cannot state your argument in her own words, you can reject her criticism.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Much like a conversation, you need to give the author the chance to express herself fully before passing judgment. <strong>If you interrupted the author at each sentence to say she\u2019s wrong, you\u2019re not having a conversation that can lead to learning.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, you must finish the other tasks above (outlining the book, defining main terms, understanding the main arguments) before criticizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Say that you read an author state \u201call men are equal.\u201d Without understanding the author, you might take this to mean that \u201call people are equally endowed at birth in skill and ability,\u201d but the author might really mean \u201call people should have equal political rights.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The knowledge to understand the author may be present in other works by the author. For example, you can\u2019t criticize Marx\u2019s <em>The Communist Manifesto<\/em> without having understood his <em>Capital<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Criticize Well<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Criticizing a book means to comment, \u201cI agree,\u201d \u201cI disagree,\u201d or \u201cI suspend judgment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Agreeing is as valid a critical action as disagreeing. Furthermore, you can be wrong in agreeing.<\/li><li>You can suspend judgment if you feel the author does not make a sufficiently reasoned argument.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Do not be contentious or combative for its own sake.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Many see a discussion as something to be won, rather than an opportunity to discover the truth. They close themselves to learning something new or changing their mind.<\/li><li>A disagreement is an opportunity to teach, and an opportunity to be taught.<\/li><li>Do not play devil\u2019s advocate by default. Don\u2019t resent the author for being right or teaching you something new.<\/li><li>Inversely, don\u2019t accept the author\u2019s word as true simply because she seems more educated than you.<\/li><li>Separate your emotional reaction to the book from the rational one.<\/li><li>Read the book sympathetically, earnestly trying to take the author\u2019s point of view.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When you agree or disagree, you must give reasons for your disagreement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Without reasons, you can\u2019t be sure that the disagreement is due to misunderstanding.<\/li><li>Without reasons, you\u2019re merely expressing opinions. And fighting opinions with opinions is an endless battle with no victory.<\/li><li>Likewise, you should distinguish between the author\u2019s knowledge (arguments backed by evidence) and the author\u2019s opinions (not backed by evidence).&nbsp;<\/li><li>Be aware of your own assumptions, and that your opponent may be entitled to different assumptions.<ul><li>\u201cGood controversy should not be a quarrel about assumptions.\u201d If the author asks you to take something for granted, you should honor her request.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Categories of Disagreement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If you disagree with the author, your criticism must fit into a set of categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>The author is uninformed<\/strong>: lacks knowledge that is relevant to the argument.<ul><li>Darwin lacked knowledge of later Mendelian genetics.<\/li><li>An author ignores the relevant work of predecessors.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>The author is misinformed<\/strong>: asserts what is not the case; proposes as true\/likely what it is false\/unlikely.<ul><li>Aristotle was misinformed about how females participate in animal reproduction, and thus came to unsupportable conclusions about procreation.<\/li><li>You must be able to argue the greater probability of a conclusion contrary to the author\u2019s.<\/li><li>The misinformation should be relevant to the argument.<ul><li>Aquinas supposed that heavenly bodies were composed of different matter from terrestrial bodies; but this was not relevant to his metaphysical account of matter. Thus you couldn\u2019t reject his argument on grounds of misinformation.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>The author is illogical<\/strong>: commits some logical fallacy.<ul><li>Non sequitur: the conclusion simply does not follow from the reasons offered.<ul><li>Example from Machiavelli: \u201cThe chief foundations of all states are good laws. As there cannot be good laws where the state is not well armed, it follows that where they are well armed they have good laws.\u201d<\/li><li>The inversion of a logical statement is not equivalent to the original statement &#8211; there can be well-armed states that do not have good laws.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Inconsistency: two things the author has tried to say are incompatible.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>The author\u2019s analysis is incomplete<\/strong>: the author has not solved all the problems she started with, or seen the implications of the materials used, or failed to make distinctions relevant.<ul><li>Aristotle\u2019s <em>Politics <\/em>is incomplete because his acceptance of slavery prohibited him from conceiving of universal suffrage.<\/li><li>To a Christian believing in personal immortality, Marcus Aurelius is incomplete in his treatment of human happiness.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you can\u2019t support any of these remarks, then you are obligated to agree with the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>You cannot say, \u201cI find nothing wrong with your premises or reasoning, but I don\u2019t agree with your conclusions.\u201d All you can mean by this is that you do not <em>like<\/em> the conclusions.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Want to know how to critique a book the right way? Why is it important to critique the books you read? According to Mortimer Adler, the author of How to Read a Book, your job as a reader is to determine which of her problems the author has solved, which she has not, and decide if the author knew she had failed to solve them\u2014 because there is no book that is free of fault. This is how you properly critique a book according to Adler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":40019,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,34,15],"tags":[395],"class_list":["post-39908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-communication","category-education","tag-how-to-read-a-book","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Critique a Book the Mortimer Adler Way - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In his book How to Read a Book, Mortimer Adler teaches how to critique a book and why it&#039;s so important. 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