{"id":3408,"date":"2019-11-08T01:48:39","date_gmt":"2019-11-08T05:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=3408"},"modified":"2022-03-11T11:37:56","modified_gmt":"2022-03-11T15:37:56","slug":"biological-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"Biological Engineering: Are Superhumans the Future?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the future, intelligent design could replace <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/natural-selection-in-evolution\/\">natural selection<\/a> through biological engineering. What is biological engineering?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biological engineering is when <strong>scientists intervene with an organism\u2019s biology to change its physical, behavioral, or emotional characteristics.<\/strong> For these reasons, biological engineering projects are often controversial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll cover examples of biological engineering that&#8217;s already happing and biological engineering plans for the future. We&#8217;ll also look at other ways intelligent design could replace natural selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biological Engineering<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is when <strong>scientists intervene with an organism\u2019s biology to change its physical, behavioral, or emotional characteristics.<\/strong> For example, in the past, we did this through castration: we could make a bull less aggressive or preserve a young boy\u2019s soprano voice by removing his testicles.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recent examples of biological engineering include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Genetically engineering E. coli to function as biofuel and insulin.<\/li><li>Introducing worm genes into pigs, turning pork\u2019s omega 6 fatty acids into omega 3s, therefore making pork healthier for humans to eat.<\/li><li>Improving the memories and learning skills of mice.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers are even planning to bring back to life species that are long extinct, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/homosapiens-and-neanderthals\/\">Neanderthals<\/a>, an incredible feat of biological engineering.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But all biological engineering projects are controversial. Religious activists say man shouldn\u2019t \u201cusurp God\u2019s role\u201d by creating new species. Animal rights activists fight against the suffering caused to animals used in intelligent design experiments. Human rights activists worry that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/are-we-still-evolving\/\">genetic engineering<\/a> will lead to the creation of superhumans who could wield power over the rest of us.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s true that <strong>we\u2019re on the brink of being able to tinker with genetically engineering humans. This could potentially turn us into a different species altogether. <\/strong>Many people have ethical objections to this possibility, but those objections probably won\u2019t stand in the way for long. For instance, if we discover a way to cure Alzheimer\u2019s that also happens to improve the memories of healthy people, will ethics and politics really be able to keep healthy humans from taking advantage of this discovery? Widespread biological engineering may be an inevitability.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DNA Mapping<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though some of these advances in biological engineering are far in the future, we\u2019re already dealing with the consequences of biological engineering, cyborgs, and inorganic life. Landmark advances in DNA mapping force us to ask questions now that will be even more relevant tomorrow.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It took fifteen years to map the human genome, but today you can have your DNA mapped in a few weeks. The ease cheapness of DNA mapping has brought personalized medicine, but it\u2019s also brought ethical issues and new questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Should insurance companies be allowed to ask for information on your DNA to check for predispositions for disease (or reckless behavior)?<\/li><li>Could employers select employees based on DNA that indicates characteristics they want in an employee?<\/li><li>If you develop a new species, can you patent its DNA sequences? For instance, you can own a chicken, but can you own an entire <em>species<\/em> of chicken? Would it be possible, in the future, to invent and own an entirely new species of human?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These questions will continue to be relevant as biological engineering advances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Inorganic Life Engineering<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Related to biological engineering is inorganic life engineering. This is when <strong>researchers create beings out of completely inorganic materials.<\/strong> This life could evolve independently of the person who created it. For example, computer programs that learn and evolve on their own would be examples of inorganic life engineering.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Computer viruses are the prototype for this type of being. Although they\u2019re not intelligent, they can spread and multiply on their own, and even evolve. Mutations, either the result of an intentional or unintentional flaw by the virus\u2019s programmer, can affect the virus\u2019s evolution. If the mutation happens to be one that makes it easier for the virus to spread through the Internet and harder for it to be caught by antivirus programs, the virus will evolve into a \u201cspecies\u201d with these qualities.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Potential, imminent advances in this field make us question how we define \u201clife.\u201d<\/strong> If we can download the contents of our brains onto a hard drive and then run that hard drive on our laptops, does the laptop now \u201cthink\u201d? Does it feel? If it does think and feel, is it <em>you <\/em>thinking and feeling (it\u2019s <em>your<\/em> brain, after all). If it\u2019s not you, who is it?<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently, the most ambitious inorganic life engineering project is being conducted by the Human Brain Project. The team is working on creating a human brain inside a computer. If it succeeds, with all the neural networks of the brain exactly replicated with electronic circuits, is that computer a person?<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These are questions we just don\u2019t have answers to yet, because this is the first time in history we\u2019ve had reason to ask them. As biological engineering and inorganic life engineering progresses, we&#8217;ll have even more reason to ask (and answer) them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the future, intelligent design could replace natural selection through biological engineering. What is biological engineering? Biological engineering is when scientists intervene with an organism\u2019s biology to change its physical, behavioral, or emotional characteristics. For these reasons, biological engineering projects are often controversial. We&#8217;ll cover examples of biological engineering that&#8217;s already happing and biological engineering plans for the future. We&#8217;ll also look at other ways intelligent design could replace natural selection.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3425,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[57],"class_list":["post-3408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society","tag-sapiens","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biological Engineering: Are Superhumans the Future? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In biological engineering, scientists alter an organism\u2019s biology to change its physical or behavioral characteristics. 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Learn why it&#039;s often controversial.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-08T05:48:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-11T15:37:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-biological-engineering.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"762\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"508\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amanda Penn\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0\"},\"headline\":\"Biological Engineering: Are Superhumans the Future?\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-08T05:48:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-11T15:37:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/\"},\"wordCount\":831,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-biological-engineering.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Sapiens\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Society\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/\",\"name\":\"Biological Engineering: Are Superhumans the Future? - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-engineering\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-biological-engineering.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-08T05:48:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-11T15:37:56+00:00\",\"description\":\"In biological engineering, scientists alter an organism\u2019s biology to change its physical or behavioral characteristics. 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