{"id":3055,"date":"2019-11-15T19:46:30","date_gmt":"2019-11-15T23:46:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=3055"},"modified":"2022-03-10T09:16:47","modified_gmt":"2022-03-10T13:16:47","slug":"neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/","title":{"rendered":"Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans: How It Got There"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Is there Neanderthal DNA in modern humans? How much? How did it get there?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some people have up to 4% Neanderthal DNA. This is because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/early-homo-sapiens\/\">early Homo sapiens<\/a>, our species, interbred with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/homosapiens-and-neanderthals\/\">Neanderthals<\/a>, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/types-of-human-species\/\">different human species<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn the difference between Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens and how researchers made the surprising discovery that there&#8217;s Neanderthal DNA in some modern humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">People with Neanderthal DNA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before we explore Neanderthal DNA in modern humans, let&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-look-at-the-bigger-picture\/\">look at the big picture<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We tend to think of the evolution of humans as a linear progression from <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-hominids\/\">Homo erectus<\/a> <\/em>to Neanderthals to <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>, but at least six human species were alive when our own lived on earth, and others may yet be discovered. The known human species included <em>Homo soloensis, Homo floresiensis, Homo denisova, Homo rudolfensis, <\/em>and <em>Homo ergaster. <\/em>The three that will play the biggest roles in this book are:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Homo neanderthalensis<\/em><\/strong> (\u201cMan from the Neander Valley\u201d): Also known as Neanderthals, these humans lived in western Asia and Europe. They were more muscular than we were and they had bigger brains than we did (or do today). We\u2019ll see why the Neanderthal species died out, even though Neanderthals were superior to Sapiens in many ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Homo sapiens<\/em><\/strong> (\u201cWise Man\u201d): Us. Our species of man also evolved in East Africa.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Didn&#8217;t Neanderthals Survive Into the Modern Age?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sapiens came to dominate the animal kingdom. Neanderthals died out. Why?<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Early theories suggested that either <strong>A) Sapiens bred with other humans<\/strong>, merging the various human species, or that <strong>B) Sapiens were too genetically different from other species to procreate with them<\/strong>, meaning that all humans currently alive are pure sapiens.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What&#8217;s the Highest Percentage of Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Both of these theories are flawed. For years, Theory B had more archeological evidence to support it. But then the results of a 2010 project to map the Neanderthal genome showed that 1-4% of Middle Eastern and European DNA is Neanderthal DNA. A few months later, results from an analysis of the DNA of newly-discovered Denisova showed that 6% of Melanesian and Aboriginal Australian DNA is Denisovan DNA. These results are still new and need to be confirmed. Even if they are confirmed, they don\u2019t suggest a \u201cmerger\u201d of genes as in Theory A\u2014such small percentages hardly suggest that two species of humans \u201cmerged.\u201d What they do suggest is that <strong>a small amount of interbreeding happened<\/strong>, enough that we still harbor the DNA of another species, but it was rare.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The current evidence leaves us with two options to explain the disappearance of other humans, such as Neanderthals.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Option #1: <\/strong>Due to their superior tools and collaboration skills, Sapiens were better hunters and gatherers, and as they migrated to new geographic areas, <strong>they out-competed the human species that originally called that area home. <\/strong>Neanderthals, who were less resourceful, had trouble feeding themselves, and they slowly died out.<\/li><li><strong>Option #2: Genocide.<\/strong> Modern Sapiens have fought wars with others because of their differences in skin color, culture, and religious beliefs. Would Sapiens be any more tolerant of humans of an entirely different species? Or maybe it was their familiarity that motivated Sapiens to kill their fellow humans. Perhaps other humans, particularly the Neanderthals, were too similar to Sapiens. Neanderthals were a threat to a species that wanted to dominate the animal kingdom.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Neanderthals became extinct, but their DNA survives today with Neanderthal DNA in modern humans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is there Neanderthal DNA in modern humans? How much? How did it get there? Some people have up to 4% Neanderthal DNA. This is because early Homo sapiens, our species, interbred with Neanderthals, a different human species. Learn the difference between Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens and how researchers made the surprising discovery that there&#8217;s Neanderthal DNA in some modern humans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3073,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,24],"tags":[57],"class_list":["post-3055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-society","tag-sapiens","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans: How It Got There - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Some people have up to 4% Neanderthal DNA. This is because early Homo sapiens, our species, interbred with Neanderthals, a different human species.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans: How It Got There\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Some people have up to 4% Neanderthal DNA. This is because early Homo sapiens, our species, interbred with Neanderthals, a different human species.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-15T23:46:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-10T13:16:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-neanderthal-dna.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"799\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"412\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amanda Penn\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0\"},\"headline\":\"Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans: How It Got There\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-15T23:46:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-10T13:16:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\"},\"wordCount\":581,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-neanderthal-dna.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Sapiens\"],\"articleSection\":[\"History\",\"Society\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/\",\"name\":\"Neanderthal DNA in Modern Humans: How It Got There - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/neanderthal-dna-in-modern-humans\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/sapiens-neanderthal-dna.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-15T23:46:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-10T13:16:47+00:00\",\"description\":\"Some people have up to 4% Neanderthal DNA. 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