{"id":28080,"date":"2021-03-09T09:09:07","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T13:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=28080"},"modified":"2021-03-14T16:19:49","modified_gmt":"2021-03-14T20:19:49","slug":"orientalist-stereotypes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/orientalist-stereotypes\/","title":{"rendered":"Orientalist Stereotypes: Shaping the Orient Identity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What role did the Orientalist stereotypes play in the making of the Orient identity? Were they accurate in their representation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Orientalist stereotypes were the hallmark of the Orientalist movement. Orientalists believed there to be little if any distinction between cultures <em>within <\/em>the Orient\u2014it was all one undifferentiated mass, so what was true for Egypt was also true for Iran, Transjordan, Palestine, and Arabia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read about Orientalist stereotypes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Orientalist Stereotypes Shaped Identity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The hallmark of Orientalist thought was the idea that the Orient was a monolithic mass whose people, culture, and society had remained unchanged since the days of the ancient civilizations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This belief in an essential, static, and unchanging Orient enabled Orientalists to make sweeping generalizations about the mental framework of the millions of people living in the Middle East\u2014despite the enormous cultural, social, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea that the Orient was static and unmoved by the forces of modernity directly fed the myth of the supposed \u201cOriental mind.\u201d In the Orientalist telling, the \u201cOriental mind\u201d was incapable of the kind of objectivity and rationality that would enable the people of the region to develop enlightened European institutions like science, representative democracy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/capitalism-theory\/\">capitalism<\/a>, and the rule of law. Instead, the people of the Orient saw everything as subjective and transactional. As a people, they were vengeful, emotional, dishonest, and violently obsessed with shame and honor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This speaks to another aspect of Orientalist stereotypes: the essentialism regarding the peoples of the region. Orientalists believed that non-Westerners shared a set of essential characteristics that made them who they are. According to this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/modes-of-thinking\/\">mode of thinking<\/a>, a person\u2019s identity as an \u201cOriental\u201d was the most important fact one needed to know about them. Every other aspect of their humanity was secondary to it and could be explained by reference to it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We see orientalist stereotypes in works from the period like <em>Tancred<\/em>, an 1847 novel by British parliamentary backbencher (and future Prime Minister) Benjamin Disraeli. The novel details the adventures of the titular protagonist, a member of the British landed gentry, who travels to the Holy Land in the footsteps of the Crusaders, in an attempt to connect more deeply with his Christianity. Tancred\u2019s interactions with the people he encounters there come down to the essential and unalterable racial characteristics. Whether they are Jews, Muslims, or Druzes matters little, they are <em>all <\/em>fundamentally \u201cOrientals.\u201d An \u201cOriental\u201d worships, lives, eats, fights, and dies as an \u201cOriental.\u201d No matter what he does or thinks, he can never shake loose this fundamental component of his identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Orientalist Stereotypes and Scientific Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Orientalist stereotypes are closely tied to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/scientific-bias-2\/\">scientific racism<\/a>, which was broadly accepted within the Western academic community from the 18th century through the first half of the 20th century. These ideas were only finally discredited when they were carried to their logical (and catastrophic) conclusion by the Nazis during the Holocaust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientific racism argued that humanity was divided up into different races (like the \u201cAsiatic,\u201d the \u201cAryan,\u201d the \u201cNegroid,\u201d the \u201cSemitic,\u201d and so on), each with their own set of immutable characteristics. Thus, a race scientist could speak of the behaviors of \u201cthe Asiatic\u201d or \u201cthe Oriental\u201d just as a naturalist might describe the behavior of \u201cthe gazelle\u201d or \u201cthe antelope\u201d in the wild. The individual was largely irrelevant to this system of classification. What mattered most was the racial group to which she belonged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Passive Orient<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of its perceived failure to keep up with European political, economic, and technological advances, the Orient was seen by the Orientalists as incapable of acting upon its own agency or initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Orientalist writings, the Orient is forever in the passive position. It can never <em>act <\/em>of its own accord; it can only be acted <em>upon<\/em>. Even when scholars <em>did <\/em>encounter unmistakable evidence that contradicted the Orientalist stereotypes (as with, for example, the Egyptian nationalist movement, which gained momentum in the late 19th century) they could comfortably write it off as an anomaly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This was because the people of the Middle East lacked the initiative and innate racial characteristics (as the Orientalists saw it) to break free from their ancient superstitions and irrationality. They would forever be at the mercy of events, never in control of their own destiny\u2014and certainly incapable of gaining the requisite knowledge and enlightenment to bridge their gap with the West on their own.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What role did the Orientalist stereotypes play in the making of the Orient identity? Were they accurate in their representation? Orientalist stereotypes were the hallmark of the Orientalist movement. Orientalists believed there to be little if any distinction between cultures within the Orient\u2014it was all one undifferentiated mass, so what was true for Egypt was also true for Iran, Transjordan, Palestine, and Arabia. Read about Orientalist stereotypes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":28415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,39,24],"tags":[222],"class_list":["post-28080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-history","category-society","tag-orientalism","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Orientalist Stereotypes: Shaping the Orient Identity - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Orientalist stereotypes were a hallmark of Orientalism. 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