{"id":2546,"date":"2019-11-13T12:09:42","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T16:09:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=2546"},"modified":"2022-03-09T10:41:38","modified_gmt":"2022-03-09T14:41:38","slug":"the-anchoring-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect-2\/\">anchoring effect<\/a>? How do we use it in everyday <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/integrative-decision-making\/\">decision making<\/a>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The anchoring effect is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/cognitive-bias-definition\/\">cognitive bias<\/a> <strong>where you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions.<\/strong> This can lead to bad judgments and allows you to be biased by information that&#8217;s often irrelevant to the decision at hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn how the anchoring effect in psychology works, why it can lead to bias, and how to overcome the anchoring effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Anchoring Effect<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anchoring describes the bias where you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In quantitative terms, when you are exposed to a number, then asked to estimate an unknown quantity, the initial number affects your estimate of the unknown quantity.<strong> <\/strong>Surprisingly, this happens <strong>even when the number has no meaningful relevance to the quantity to be estimated.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of the Anchoring Effect in Psychology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The anchoring effect examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Students are split into two groups. One group is asked if Gandhi died before or after age 144. The other group is asked if Gandhi died before or after age 32. Both groups are then asked to estimate what age Gandhi actually died at. The first group, who were asked about age 144, estimated a higher age of death than students who were asked about age 32, with a difference in average guesses of over 15 years.<\/li><li>Students were shown a wheel of fortune game that had numbers on it. The game was rigged to show only the numbers 10 or 65. The students were then asked to estimate the % of African nations in the UN. The average estimates came to 25% and 45%, based on whether they were shown 10 or 65, respectively.<\/li><li>A nonprofit requested different amounts of donations in its requests. When it requested $400, the average donation was $143; when requesting $5, the average donation was $20.<\/li><li>In online auctions, the Buy Now prices serve as anchors for the final price.<\/li><li>Arbitrary rationing, like supermarkets with \u201climit 12 per person,\u201d makes people buy more cans, compared to when there\u2019s no limit. (Shortform note: this might also be confounded as a signal of demand, indicating quality or scarcity.)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note how in several the anchoring effect examples above, <strong>the number given is not all that relevant to the question at hand<\/strong>. The wheel of fortune number has nothing to do with African countries in the UN; the requested donation size should have little effect on how much you <em>personally<\/em> want to donate. But it still has an effect.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, the anchor works because you infer the number is given for a reason, and it\u2019s a reasonable place to adjust from. But again even meaningless numbers, even dice rolls, can anchor you.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Anchoring Effect and the Anchoring Index<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>anchoring index <\/strong>measures how effective the anchor is. The index is defined as: (the difference between the average guesses when exposed to two different anchors) \/ (the difference between the two anchors). Studies show this index can be over 50%! (A measure of 100% would mean the person in question is not only influenced by the anchor but uses the actual anchor number as their estimate; conversely, a measure of 0% would indicate the person has ignored the anchor entirely.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For example, one study asked <strong>Group A<\/strong> two questions: 1) Is the tallest redwood taller or shorter than 1,200 feet? and 2) What do you think the height of the tallest redwood is? They asked <strong>Group B<\/strong> the same two questions, except the anchor in the first question was 180 feet rather than 1,200 feet.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Did the anchors in the first question affect the estimates given in answer to the second question? Yes. The <strong>Group A mean was 844<\/strong> <strong>feet<\/strong> and the <strong>Group B mean was 282 feet<\/strong>. This produced an anchoring index of 55%.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Insidiously, <strong>people take pride in their supposed immunity to anchored numbers<\/strong>. But you really don\u2019t have full command of your cognition. The anchoring effect is always at play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>When you\u2019re buying a house, real estate agents claim to be immune to listing prices when negotiating prices for you, when the opposite is true. The listing price strongly anchors agents to the bid that they make.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: the idea of anchoring can be taken beyond numbers into ideas. If someone tells you an extremely outrageous idea, then later gives you a second idea that is less extreme, the second idea sounds less controversial than if he had presented it to you first. That\u2019s because you\u2019ve anchored to the first extreme idea.)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How the Anchoring Effect Works<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How does the anchoring effect work in the brain? There are two mechanisms, based on the two systems of thinking.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System 2<\/strong> (deliberate thinking): You start with the exposed number as an initial guess, then adjust in one direction until you\u2019re not confident you should adjust further. At this point you\u2019ve reached the edge of your confidence interval, not the middle of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Say you were given a piece of paper and asked to draw from the bottom up until you reached 2.5 inches. Then you were asked to draw, on a separate sheet of paper, from the top down until 2.5 inches were left. The first line would likely be shorter than the space below the second line. This is because you\u2019re not really sure what 2.5 inches looks like. If you think of uncertainty as a range, you stop drawing at the bottom edge of your uncertainty, when you first lose confidence. <strong>You stop when you reach the edge of the confidence range, not the middle of it<\/strong>.<\/li><li>You drive much faster on city streets coming off the highway than you would otherwise because your anchor is higher than when you start from, say, a speed of zero in your driveway. You adjust relative to your anchor.<\/li><li>If asked about the boiling temperature of water at the top of Mount Everest, you know that the boiling point of water at sea level is 100\u00b0 Celsius, but you know that can\u2019t be the answer to the question, since the top of Mount Everest is obviously not at sea level. To estimate the answer, you use 100\u00b0 Celsius as your anchor and adjust downwards.<\/li><li>Evidence that System 2 is involved: People adjust less from the anchor when their mental resources are depleted and, therefore, System 2 isn\u2019t working well.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System 1<\/strong> (fast, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/intuitive-thinking\/\">intuitive thinking<\/a>): The anchor invokes associations that influence your thinking. System 1 tries to construct a world in which the anchor is the true number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Thinking of Gandhi as age 144 primes associations of old age. This causes a higher estimate.<\/li><li>Evidence that System 1 is involved: Asking participants whether the average temperature was higher or lower than 68\u00b0F made it easier to recognize summer words (like \u201cbeach\u201d) in a list. Similarly, asking about 41\u00b0F made it easier to identify winter words (like \u201cski\u201d).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Overcoming <\/strong>The Anchoring Effect<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In negotiations, when someone offers an outrageous anchor, don\u2019t engage with an equally outrageous counteroffer. Instead, threaten to end the negotiation if that number is still on the table.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shortform suggestions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>If you\u2019re given one extreme number to adjust from, repeat your reasoning with an extreme value from the other direction. <\/strong>Adjust from there, then average your final two results.<\/li><li>When estimating, first adjust from the anchor to where you feel like you should stop. Then deliberately go much further to the point that you want to dial it back. Average the two points.<\/li><li>Move your estimate from the anchor to the minimal or maximal amount it could be.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use these suggestions to overcome the anchoring effect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the anchoring effect? How do we use it in everyday decision making? The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias where you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. This can lead to bad judgments and allows you to be biased by information that&#8217;s often irrelevant to the decision at hand. Learn how the anchoring effect in psychology works, why it can lead to bias, and how to overcome the anchoring effect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2760,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[55],"class_list":["post-2546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","tag-thinking-fast-and-slow","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"776\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"516\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Amanda Penn\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amanda Penn\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0\"},\"headline\":\"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\"},\"wordCount\":1253,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Thinking Fast and Slow\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Psychology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\",\"name\":\"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg\",\"width\":776,\"height\":516},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"description\":\"The World&#039;s Best Book Summaries\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":74,\"caption\":\"Shortform Books\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0\",\"name\":\"Amanda Penn\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/64793342-83f4ea00-d540-11e9-9bfc-cb9ecaf5e55d.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/64793342-83f4ea00-d540-11e9-9bfc-cb9ecaf5e55d.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Amanda Penn\"},\"description\":\"Amanda Penn is a writer and reading specialist. She\u2019s published dozens of articles and book reviews spanning a wide range of topics, including health, relationships, psychology, science, and much more. Amanda was a Fulbright Scholar and has taught in schools in the US and South Africa. Amanda received her Master's Degree in Education from the University of Pennsylvania.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/amanda\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained - Shortform Books","description":"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained","og_description":"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/","og_site_name":"Shortform Books","article_published_time":"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00","og_image":[{"width":776,"height":516,"url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Amanda Penn","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Amanda Penn","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/"},"author":{"name":"Amanda Penn","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0"},"headline":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained","datePublished":"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/"},"wordCount":1253,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","keywords":["Thinking Fast and Slow"],"articleSection":["Psychology"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/","name":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained - Shortform Books","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","datePublished":"2019-11-13T16:09:42+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-09T14:41:38+00:00","description":"The anchoring effect happens when you depend too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions. Learn how it works and how to beat it.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","width":776,"height":516},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-anchoring-effect\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Anchoring Effect: 10 Examples, Explained"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","name":"Shortform Books","description":"The World&#039;s Best Book Summaries","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Shortform Books","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","width":500,"height":74,"caption":"Shortform Books"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/01b0e4c9ddb993e51d03808839d538b0","name":"Amanda Penn","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/64793342-83f4ea00-d540-11e9-9bfc-cb9ecaf5e55d.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/64793342-83f4ea00-d540-11e9-9bfc-cb9ecaf5e55d.jpg","caption":"Amanda Penn"},"description":"Amanda Penn is a writer and reading specialist. She\u2019s published dozens of articles and book reviews spanning a wide range of topics, including health, relationships, psychology, science, and much more. Amanda was a Fulbright Scholar and has taught in schools in the US and South Africa. Amanda received her Master's Degree in Education from the University of Pennsylvania.","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/amanda\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Screen-Shot-2019-11-02-at-9.06.43-AM.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2546"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3460,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2546\/revisions\/3460"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}