{"id":23298,"date":"2021-01-03T18:13:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-03T22:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=23298"},"modified":"2021-01-15T17:40:43","modified_gmt":"2021-01-15T21:40:43","slug":"the-selfish-gene-criticism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/","title":{"rendered":"The Selfish Gene Criticism: Thinking Too Small"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the main <em>The Selfish Gene<\/em> criticism? What does Richard Dawkins say about the way scientists think?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The core of <em>The Selfish Gene<\/em> is that scientists should be thinking in terms of genetic survival, as opposed to the survival of organisms. According to <em>The Selfish Gene<\/em> criticism, scientists could be thinking too small or too large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on for more about <em>The Selfish Gene <\/em>criticism of scientists&#8217; perspectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>The Selfish Gene<\/em>: Criticism of Scientists<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We began with <em>The Selfish Gene <\/em>criticism that biologists think too large (organisms instead of genes), but it\u2019s also possible that they think too small\u2014that genes have much greater impacts on the world than simply creating bodies to inhabit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To look at biology in a new way requires that we consider what might be called the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-extended-phenotype\/\">extended phenotype<\/a><\/em>. <em>Phenotype <\/em>typically means the physical effects that genes have on the body they inhabit\u2014for example, blue eyes or long legs. However, <strong>it\u2019s not much of a stretch to extend the definition of phenotype beyond the individual, to include the impact on the world. <\/strong>This could be called an <em>extended phenotype<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While phenotype typically refers to a creature\u2019s physical body, genes don\u2019t directly affect such things; rather, they change the internal workings of cells, which eventually leads to different traits in the body.<strong> <\/strong>Therefore, saying that the organism\u2019s body\u2014but not its impact on the wider world\u2014is a result of those genes is fairly arbitrary.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some examples of this <em>extended phenotype<\/em> could be bird nests and beaver dams. Though it sounds strange to say, there are genes \u201cfor\u201d certain building materials and construction styles\u2014phrased another way, there are genes that cause the animals to build structures in those specific ways. Even a lake that was formed by beavers damming a river could be considered part of those beavers\u2019 phenotypes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s easy to see the obvious ways that organisms interact with each other: competing for resources, predation, mating, symbiosis, and so forth. <strong>However, with an extended phenotype, it becomes clear that there are countless different ways that organisms\u2014or, more accurately, genes\u2014impact each other and the world around them. <\/strong>The problems and opportunities that arise from this gene-centric view of the world are explored in much greater detail in Dawkins\u2019s book <em>The Extended Phenotype<\/em>. It&#8217;s Richard Dawkins&#8217; attempt to address criticism of <em>The Selfish Gene<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biologists Often Ask the Wrong Questions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Selfish Gene <\/em>criticism is that biologists ask the wrong questions. Many biologists make the mistake of focusing their questions and their studies on the organismal level: They ask why an <em>organism <\/em>does something, or behaves a certain way. In fact, it\u2019s quite common for biologists to say that DNA and RNA are tools organisms use to replicate themselves\u2014which, in light of what we\u2019ve discussed so far, is the exact opposite of the truth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Organisms don\u2019t replicate themselves at all (except in the relatively rare case of asexual reproduction). Given that the \u201cpurpose\u201d of life is replication, it seems clear that <strong>organisms are tools that genes use to replicate themselves.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting from the genetic level, then, one might ask why organisms as we know them should exist at all. The simple truth is that organisms <em>don\u2019t <\/em>have to exist. They exist on Earth because that\u2019s what evolution happened to favor in this particular environment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s helpful to remember that, at the most basic level, we\u2019re dealing with replicators that aren\u2019t so different from those found in the primordial soup eons ago. That&#8217;s how you address <em>The Selfish Gene<\/em> criticism. The only thing that <em>must <\/em>exist in order for there to be life is some form of replicator molecule.<strong> Replication is both the beginning and the purpose of life.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the main The Selfish Gene criticism? What does Richard Dawkins say about the way scientists think? The core of The Selfish Gene is that scientists should be thinking in terms of genetic survival, as opposed to the survival of organisms. According to The Selfish Gene criticism, scientists could be thinking too small or too large. Read on for more about The Selfish Gene criticism of scientists&#8217; perspectives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2058,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,34,160],"tags":[187],"class_list":["post-23298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-communication","category-science","tag-the-selfish-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Selfish Gene Criticism: Thinking Too Small - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What does Richard Dawkins say about biologists&#039; perspectives? 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The Selfish Gene criticism is that scientists are thinking too small or big.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-03T22:13:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-15T21:40:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-scientific-reductionism.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"765\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"511\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rina Shah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d07435826f13a8f422d5d333dceac287\"},\"headline\":\"The Selfish Gene Criticism: Thinking Too Small\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-03T22:13:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-15T21:40:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/\"},\"wordCount\":648,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-scientific-reductionism.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Selfish Gene\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Books\",\"Communication\",\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/\",\"name\":\"The Selfish Gene Criticism: Thinking Too Small - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-selfish-gene-criticism\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-scientific-reductionism.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-03T22:13:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-15T21:40:43+00:00\",\"description\":\"What does Richard Dawkins say about biologists' perspectives? 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