{"id":20429,"date":"2020-12-15T01:51:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T05:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=20429"},"modified":"2020-12-16T18:21:01","modified_gmt":"2020-12-16T22:21:01","slug":"types-of-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/types-of-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Racism: Ibram X. Kendi’s Experiences"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What are the different types of racism? How did Ibram X. Kendi experience each of the types of racism?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Kendi, racism comes in many forms. In How to Be an Antiracist<\/em>, he describes the different types of racism and shares his personal experiences with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep reading for Kendi’s experiences with six different types of racism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Types of Racism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

How to Be an Antiracist<\/em> discusses ethnic racism<\/a>, bodily racism<\/a>, cultural racism<\/a>, gender racism<\/a>, queer racism<\/a>, and behavioral racism, among other critical topics. In his discussion of each, Kendi shares his experiences. Through the eyes of Kendi, racism is seen everywhere even where you might have previously overlooked it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Ethnic Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ibram has had plenty of experience with types of racism related to ethnicity over the years. When he was younger, he held ethnically racist ideas<\/a> that he later realized were a problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eighth Grade Class<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In Ibram\u2019s eighth grade class, everyone was made fun of for something. Because of his large head, Ibram was nicknamed Bonk, after a cartoon character with a ridiculously large head who headbutted his enemies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another student, Kwame, was Ghanaian, and the class made fun of him for being an immigrant. <\/strong>They likened him to Akeem, a prince from a fictional African country who comes to Queens to find a wife in the movie Coming to America<\/em>. Throughout the movie, characters make fun of Akeem by suggesting that Africa is uncivilized and things like wearing clothes must be a new experience for him. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Neighborhood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ibram also experienced tensions between ethnic groups in his neighborhood. Ibram\u2019s neighbors were a Haitian immigrant couple with sons Ibram became friends with. While the parents were polite, they kept Ibram at a distance. He thought it might have had something to do with the fact that at the time, African Americans were exhibiting bigotry towards Haitian immigrants. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where Are You From?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

People often assume Ibram is an immigrant because ethnic racists assume that as a successful writer and professor, he can\u2019t be African American. <\/strong>When he answers that he\u2019s from Queens, his father is from New York, his mother is from Georgia, and that he\u2019s a descendant of enslaved Africans, the questioners give up. They either think he\u2019s an exception, or they lecture him about how lazy his ethnic group generally is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Bodily Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ibram had internalized, complicated, contradictory feelings about bodily racism growing up. In ninth grade, he went to a high school in central Queens that had a large population of Black, Asian, and Latinx students, and Ibram was scared of the other Black kids. There were some legitimately scary Black kids at his school, such as Smurf, who beat up kids on the bus and once pulled a gun on Ibram. Ibram defused the situation by telling Smurf he wasn\u2019t scared and complimenting the weapon. Smurf bullied other people too, and Ibram was never brave enough to step in, which he regrets to this day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, a good portion of the time, Ibram\u2019s fears of other Black people were unfounded. If he accidentally bumped into someone in the hall or walked through a group of crew members, nothing happened. The disinterested teachers, overcrowding, and large class sizes were probably more dangerous than the students.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s parents also worried about other Black people. They didn\u2019t like it when Ibram played basketball at neighborhood courts\u2060\u2014they worried he\u2019d get shot\u2060\u2014and Ibram\u2019s father eventually built a court in the backyard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, Ibram thought his neighborhood was safe enough. He knew it had certain dangers but he didn\u2019t think it was a hellhole of violence, and he never connected the violence to Blackness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Types of Racism<\/strong> Focused on Culture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ibram loved African American culture, which he first experienced in church. Strangers called each other brother and sister, the congregation called back at preachers, choir members swayed to the music, and funerals were full of life. According to Kendi, racism like this is cultural racism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ave<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ibram also experienced culture whenever he visited the Ave, the intersection of Jamaican Avenue and 164th Street. Ibram\u2019s generation didn\u2019t care if adults or White people didn\u2019t like their clothes or language. They wore baggy jeans, bubble coats, Nike Air Force 1s, or dangling chains. It wasn\u2019t just about what you wore, either, it was how you wore it\u2014experimentation was part of the culture. Shoes were especially important. Ibram and his friends would take measures to make sure the fronts of the shoes didn\u2019t crease, such as stuffing them at night or wearing them with a sock rolled up over their toes to pad out the front. It wasn\u2019t comfortable, but it was fresh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ave was also full of hip-hop. Cars and stores would play music, people walking by practiced out loud, and people rapped on corners. Ibram considered hip-hop to be oral poetry, short stories, and adventure fantasy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Southern Culture<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1997, Ibram and his family moved to a predominantly White neighborhood in Manassas, Virginia. The first night Ibram was there, he was worried the KKK would show up because he\u2019d heard plenty about Black people being abused in the South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Ibram was fifteen, he believed in multiculturalism. He knew his own culture was legitimate. However, that didn\u2019t stop him from looking down on the cultures of Southerners.<\/strong> He thought their music was terrible, they couldn\u2019t dress, and their basketball players were \u201cscrubs.\u201d He was arrogant, and this kept potential friends at a distance. Furthermore, he thinks his cultural elitism probably cost him a spot on the junior-varsity basketball team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram didn\u2019t have the whole picture. He knew that generally looking down on a culture was wrong\u2014he would never say Black people were culturally inferior. He would, however, judge specific Black cultures, and it took him two years to begin to respect the culture of North Virginia and make friends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Gender Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s initial ideas on gender were shaped by his parents. They didn\u2019t raise him to be sexist, but they didn\u2019t train him to be a feminist either. Ibram\u2019s parents didn\u2019t always adhere to traditional gender roles\u2014for example, when Ibram\u2019s parents got married, the pastor recited the traditional wedding vows that included husbands loving their wives and wives obeying their husbands. But Ibram\u2019s mother refused to agree to obey him, which shocked both the pastor and his father. His father asked if she would be all right with changing the vow to \u201csubmit one to another.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, sometimes his parents demonstrated sexist ideas. His mother called his father the head of the family, and he would lead while she submitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meeting Kaila and Yaba<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ibram started to reevaluate his ideas about gender at Temple University when he met Kaila,<\/strong> a strong lesbian woman who was ahead of him in the doctoral program. Together with Yaba, another strong woman, Kaila led the program\u2019s discourse. Whenever a homophobic, patriarchal, or racist idea came up, the two women went after it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram was terrified of them and tried to avoid them because he was worried he\u2019d bring up an offensive idea and be called on it, but he also admired their confidence and intelligence. He read the books they brought up and tried to learn more about gender racism because he wanted to change his ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaila and Yaba broke all the stereotypes of homophobia and the patriarchy\u2014they weren\u2019t sex-crazed, they weren\u2019t abnormal, and they didn\u2019t hate men or want female supremacy.<\/strong> They showed Ibram that it was power and policies, not specific groups of people, that were the problem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Queer Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Like Ibram\u2019s ideas on gender, his ideas on sexuality were shaped by his upbringing. His parents didn\u2019t raise him to be homophobic or sexist, but they rarely talked about queer people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weckea<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ibram had two close friends at Temple University, Weckea and Raena. One day, Raena told Ibram that Weckea was gay. Ibram wasn\u2019t comfortable with homosexuality and thought Raena might be trying to break up his friendship with Weckea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Up until this point, Ibram held some stereotypical beliefs about Black gay men, such as that they were reckless, sex-crazed, and performed feminity.<\/strong> (Performing femininity or masculinity refers to authentically expressing gender, as opposed to acting.) Weckea didn\u2019t fit into Ibram\u2019s stereotypes at all\u2014he was private and performed masculinity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram was faced with a choice\u2014maintain his homophobia or maintain his friendship with Weckea. Ibram chose Weckea and began dismantling his homophobia. He let his stereotypical beliefs go and learned from Weckea how to recognize homophobia in others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, as Ibram had done with race as a child, he acknowledged his gender and sexuality. He identified as a cisgendered (his gender identity is the same as his birth sex) heterosexual Black male, and being cis, male, and hetero came with privilege he could use to support people of other sexualities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Types of Racism<\/strong> About Behavior<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Academic Achievement<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s grades were low throughout much of high school, and because it was the nineties and he was a Black teenager, people put a lot of pressure on him. They told him that his bad behavior reflected badly on the entire Black race.<\/strong> His grandparents\u2019 and parents\u2019 generations were fond of using Martin Luther King Jr. to shame individuals by saying that they were throwing away everything he\u2019d fought for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part of the reason Ibram was checked out in the first place was racism\u2014he\u2019d gone to overcrowded schools <\/strong>(often the result of racist school-zoning policies) and regularly experienced racist abuse.<\/strong> However, he, like every Black person, was expected to overcome all this, and if he couldn\u2019t, it was his<\/em> fault. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speech Contest<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

When Ibram was in his senior year of high school, a classmate, Angela, told him about the Martin Luther King speech contest. She convinced him to participate and he wrote a speech about \u201cBlack behavior.\u201d Reflecting on the speech today, Ibram thinks King would have hated it. It was a version of the shaming speeches directed at him from the civil-rights generation\u2014it was about all the things that were wrong with Black youth,<\/strong> such as their lack of interest in education, lack of ambition for anything besides music or sports, and unwillingness to do anything about people\u2019s perception of them as frightening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It may have been racist, but when Ibram showed Angela his speech, she loved it. So did the judges\u2014Ibram won his high school competition and went on to compete at the county level. Winning made him feel better about himself and his academics. Ironically, he only escaped the behavioral racism of others by engaging in behavioral racism himself, against other Black people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

College<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Ibram got into two colleges and decided to attend Florida A&M University (FAMU). He told people he chose it because it \u201cfelt right,\u201d which is often what people say when they don\u2019t want to look into their motives too closely. Reflecting on the decision, Ibram realized he didn\u2019t only want to be around other Black academic superstars; he wanted to get <\/strong>away<\/em><\/strong> from those he viewed as badly behaving Black people.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What are the different types of racism? How did Ibram X. Kendi experience each of the types of racism? According to Kendi, racism comes in many forms. In How to Be an Antiracist, he describes the different types of racism and shares his personal experiences with them. Keep reading for Kendi’s experiences with six different types of racism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17795,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,24],"tags":[165],"class_list":["post-20429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-society","tag-how-to-be-an-antiracist","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nTypes of Racism: Ibram X. Kendi's Experiences - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are there different types of racism? Yes! According to Ibram X. 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