{"id":20319,"date":"2020-12-08T22:47:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T02:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=20319"},"modified":"2020-12-15T15:32:10","modified_gmt":"2020-12-15T19:32:10","slug":"biological-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/biological-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"Biological Racism: There Is No Genetic Superiority"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is biological racism? How does it use biology and genetics to rationalize the superiority of one race over another?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biological racism is the idea that one race is better than another because of the biology of that race. But How to Be an Antiracist <\/em>by Ibram X. Kendi notes that there are no biological or genetic differences between races<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep reading to understand biological racism, how it started, and Ibram X. Kendi’s experiences with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Overview of Biological Racism<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Biological racism<\/strong> is a combination of racist policies and ideas that causes and maintains racial inequities, the main idea being the belief that 1) there are biological or genetic differences between races, and 2) these differences make one race superior to another.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Example #1: A 1991 survey revealed that 50% of respondents thought that Black people had \u201cmore natural physical ability.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Example #2: A generally held belief is that Black people are naturally good at improvisational decision making<\/a>, which makes them good at basketball, rap, and jazz, and bad at astronomy, chess, and music.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are no biological or genetic differences between races. <\/strong>Racial ancestry doesn\u2019t exist. However, ethnic ancestry does<\/em> exist\u2014people who are from the same regions usually have similar genes, and these groups of people are called populations. Contrary to what most people believed, geneticists discovered that the populations within Africa are more genetically different from each other than they are from other continents\u2019 populations. For example, genetically, Western African ethnic groups are more similar to groups in Western Europe than Eastern Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where Did It Come From?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s not a lot of historical or cultural support for biological racism\u2014the Bible says that all humans descended from Adam and Eve, which suggests that all humans are the same, as does the American value of \u201call men are equal.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, people who believe in biological racism wanted to find biological differences between racial groups so that they could arrange groups into a hierarchy. They came up with four theories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theory #1: The Curse of Ham.<\/strong> After surviving the Great Flood in his ark, Noah planted a vineyard, got drunk, and fell asleep naked in his tent. One of his sons, Ham, saw his father naked and told his brothers Shem and Japheth. His brothers avoided seeing Noah naked by walking backward into his tent and covering him. When Noah woke up, he was furious that Ham had seen him naked and cursed Ham\u2019s son Canaan and his descendants to be the slaves of Shem. Writer George Best suggested that Canaan and his cursed descendants were the ancestors of African people. This theory lasted until the 19th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theory #2: Polygenesis<\/strong>. Polygensis is the theory that each race has its own creation story<\/a> and is a different species. Indigenous people aren\u2019t mentioned in the Bible, so some White Christians wondered if they had descended from someone other than Adam\u2014and if one group could come from \u201ca different Adam,\u201d then maybe Black people could have too. This idea was heresy, but some slaveholders preferred it to the Curse of Ham theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polygenesis was debated through the Age of Enlightenment. People like Thomas Jefferson denounced it while people like Charles Darwin embraced it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theory #3: Natural selection<\/a> and eugenics. <\/strong>Natural selection and eugenics acknowledge that all people come from the same ancestors, but suggest that not all people are equal. Darwin came up with a theory that the White race was naturally selected and the other races would either assimilate, be enslaved, or die out. Darwin\u2019s half-cousin Francis Galton tried to speed up this natural selection via a transatlantic eugenics movement. He came up with policies that killed members of non-White groups and encouraged White people to reproduce with only each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theory #4: Biological adaptations as a result of the slave trade. <\/strong>In 1988, Black researcher Clarence Grim suggested that African Americans have higher blood pressure because only the individuals who could tolerate high levels of salt had survived drinking ocean water during the Atlantic voyage to America. (Consuming large quantities of salt can increase blood pressure.) This was never proven and Grim didn\u2019t come up with the idea in a lab; he thought of it while reading the fictional Roots<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It took until Nazi Germany\u2019s genocide for the academic community to move away from the idea of biological racism.<\/strong> It took longer for this idea to permeate the general population.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2000, Bill Clinton announced that geneticists had finished surveying the entire human genome and discovered that humans share 99.9% of their genes. In spite of this proof, people still tried to find ways to justify biological differences between races. For example, segregationist Writer Nicholas Wade believes that the 0.1% difference in genes is race-related and that there\u2019s a genetic component to behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram\u2019s Experiences With Biological Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Growing up in the 90s, Ibram saw biological similarities, such as hair texture and nose shape, between himself and the other Black kids in his class.<\/strong> He also saw physical differences between himself and the White kids, and adults taught him that these differences weren\u2019t simply superficial; they were related to the type of human he was. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In third grade, Ibram\u2019s class was mostly Black. There were a few Latinx and Asian students and three White students, and the teacher subtly gave the White students preferential treatment. She wouldn\u2019t punish them when they committed the same offenses other students had been punished for, and she would call on the White students even when others had their hands up. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

One day, a quiet Black girl in the author\u2019s class raised her hand. This was unusual\u2014she was normally shy and rarely participated in class. The teacher noticed she had her hand up but ignored her. When a White hand went up, she called on that person instead. The Black girl was clearly upset that she\u2019d been ignored, and Ibram was furious. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

His class went to chapel service and after, Ibram refused to leave. His teacher ordered him to leave\u2014she didn\u2019t ask him what was wrong or why he was refusing to leave\u2014and when that didn\u2019t work, she called the principal. Racist teachers give misbehaving kids of color orders and punishments rather than empathy. The principal tried to order Ibram to move and again he refused to. Eventually, she sat down next to him and let him speak. He explained what had happened with his classmate and the principal said she would talk to the teacher. The teacher did improve, but Ibram switched schools the next year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibram never believed that biological differences made any group superior <\/strong>(a biologically racist idea), but he <\/strong>did<\/em><\/strong> believe biological differences existed <\/strong>(also a biologically racist idea). <\/strong>In this way, he held both racist and antiracist views at the same time.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is biological racism? How does it use biology and genetics to rationalize the superiority of one race over another? Biological racism is the idea that one race is better than another because of the biology of that race. But How to Be an Antiracist by Ibram X. Kendi notes that there are no biological or genetic differences between races. Keep reading to understand biological racism, how it started, and Ibram X. Kendi’s experiences with it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160,24],"tags":[165],"class_list":["post-20319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","category-society","tag-how-to-be-an-antiracist","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nBiological Racism: There Is No Genetic Superiority - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is biological racism? It's discrimination supposedly justified by genetics. Like every other form of racism, it's wrong. 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