{"id":17215,"date":"2020-10-29T15:48:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-29T19:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=17215"},"modified":"2020-11-04T21:24:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-05T01:24:44","slug":"racism-in-court","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/","title":{"rendered":"Racism in Court: Biases That Can&#8217;t Be Challenged"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Is there racism in the court system? How do biases in the courtroom contribute to the problem of mass incarceration?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Racism in the court includes implicit and explicit race-based biases in all steps of the legal system. From a racial bias in jury selection to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racial-sentencing-disparities\/\">racial sentencing disparities<\/a>, biases in the courtroom disadvantage certain groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on to understand racism in the court system and how it fits into the New <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/jim-crow-segregation-nasa\/\">Jim Crow<\/a> system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Racism in Court: A Pervasive Problem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>So racial bias was likely affecting drug arrest targeting. Shouldn\u2019t this be resolvable in the courts? Unfortunately, the courts have made it difficult to challenge racial bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As explained in Chapter 2, the courts allowed stops, even racially biased ones, as long as there was <strong>probable cause for some reason other than explicit race<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In McCleskey v. Kemp, the Supreme Court ruled that statistical evidence of bias was insufficient for discrimination &#8211; there needed to be clear evidence of conscious racial bias.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In this case in particular, the court believed that studying 2,500 cases with different personnel, officials, judges, and jurors did not present a clear enough explicit common mechanism.<\/li><li>However, rules bar litigants from obtaining information on prosecution motives and jury deliberations. Ironically, the catch-22 became: to prove their case, the litigant needed evidence that is only obtainable upon winning a case. Without the evidence, the litigant loses the case, which prevents them from gaining the evidence. So the racial bias in jury selection remains.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of the motivation was the <strong>reluctance to question the integrity of the entire system<\/strong>. If drug war was shown to be racially biased, it might open up contests in the death penalty, life sentences, and other deeply embedded issues. Questioning prosecutorial discretion would upend countless cases. A \u201ctoo big to fail\u201d example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Supreme Court ruled that the state is immune from federal suits for damages; city police can\u2019t be sued for damages unless a specific explicit policy supports illegal practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In US vs Brignoni-Ponce, the Supreme Court ruled that race could not be the sole factor in police stop and searches, but that <strong>race <\/strong><strong><em>could<\/em><\/strong><strong> be a relevant factor as long as it\u2019s not the only one<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Thus one could <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/stop-and-frisk-policy\/\">stop and search<\/a> for any factor correlated with race &#8211; clothing, age, and location.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Even something as seemingly impartial as prior criminal record is not race-neutral &#8211; since blacks are so much more likely to have criminal records.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Title VI prohibits federally funded programs , like police departments, from discriminating on race. However, in <em>Alexander v. Sandoval, <\/em>the Supreme Court ruled that private citizens and groups cannot sue on Title VI grounds &#8211; only the federal government could sue. Thus racial profiling challenges have disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each Supreme Court decision obviously has trickle-down effects on federal and appellate courts and proves additional racism in court systems. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is there racism in the court system? How do biases in the courtroom contribute to the problem of mass incarceration? Racism in the court includes implicit and explicit race-based biases in all steps of the legal system. From a racial bias in jury selection to racial sentencing disparities, biases in the courtroom disadvantage certain groups. Read on to understand racism in the court system and how it fits into the New Jim Crow system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":14749,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,24],"tags":[146],"class_list":["post-17215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-society","tag-the-new-jim-crow","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Racism in Court: Biases That Can&#039;t Be Challenged - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Racism in court is a serious problem that can undermine fair trials. The New Jim Crow discusses how it contributes to mass incarceration.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Racism in Court: Biases That Can&#039;t Be Challenged\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Racism in court is a serious problem that can undermine fair trials. The New Jim Crow discusses how it contributes to mass incarceration.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-29T19:48:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-05T01:24:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/the-federalist-papers-efficient-government-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rina Shah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d07435826f13a8f422d5d333dceac287\"},\"headline\":\"Racism in Court: Biases That Can&#8217;t Be Challenged\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-10-29T19:48:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-11-05T01:24:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\"},\"wordCount\":484,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/the-federalist-papers-efficient-government-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The New Jim Crow\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ethics\",\"Society\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/\",\"name\":\"Racism in Court: Biases That Can't Be Challenged - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/racism-in-court\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/the-federalist-papers-efficient-government-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-10-29T19:48:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-11-05T01:24:44+00:00\",\"description\":\"Racism in court is a serious problem that can undermine fair trials. 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