{"id":15612,"date":"2020-10-06T23:59:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-07T03:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=15612"},"modified":"2020-10-12T17:41:48","modified_gmt":"2020-10-12T21:41:48","slug":"the-nudge-book","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-nudge-book\/","title":{"rendered":"The Nudge Book Balances Free Will With Guidance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is the Nudge <\/em>book about? How does Nudge <\/em>by Thaler and Sunstein address the need to respect free will?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nudge <\/em>book is about the concept of libertarian paternalism<\/a>. In Nudge<\/em>, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein show how you can respect people’s freedom of choice<\/a> while also guiding them to choose better options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Learn more about the key messages in the Nudge <\/em>book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Overview of the Nudge <\/em>Book<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Every day we\u2019re constantly faced with choices\u2014what to order at a restaurant, what clothes to buy at a store, what show to stream when we get home from work. We\u2019re so used to making choices that we\u2019re not even aware of the way those choices are presented<\/em>. If grocery stores didn\u2019t stock candy at the register, would we eat less of it? If we had to \u201copt out\u201d of being organ donors rather than \u201copt-in,\u201d would the organ donor pool grow? In Nudge<\/em> by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, they explain their theory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nobel Prize\u2013winning economist and author of Nudge<\/em>, Richard Thaler and along with legal scholar Cass Sunstein examine how certain choice structures\u2014\u201carchitectures,\u201d in their terms\u2014can \u201cnudge\u201d us toward better decisions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Libertarian Paternalism, Choice Architecture, and Nudges<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In Nudge<\/em>, Thaler and Sunstein (who are devotees of Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman<\/a>) argued that human beings\u2019 \u201cfreedom to choose\u201d is their most fundamental right. But Nudge<\/em> by Thaler and Sunstein also recognize that humans frequently make bad choices<\/a> that, if they had another chance, they wouldn\u2019t make again<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The answer to this quandary in the Nudge<\/em> book is a new movement: libertarian paternalism<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Libertarian paternalism encourages policymakers and private companies to use purposeful \u201cchoice architecture\u201d (the way choices are structured and presented) to create \u201cnudges,\u201d subtle hints or influences that move us toward the most beneficial choice<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although nudges come in an array of styles, there are four primary types that can apply to a broad swath of choice systems:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thoughtful Defaults<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Given Humans\u2019 innate aversion to loss and status quo bias<\/a>, we are prone to accept the default option when faced with a complex or high-stakes choice\u2014for example, the amount we contribute to our retirement plan or the mortgage terms we agree to. Unfortunately, all too often defaults are afterthoughts: Many choice architects concentrate their efforts on offering more\u2014and more various\u2014choices, expecting people to take advantage of their freedom to choose<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A straightforward way for choice architects to improve people\u2019s choices is to (1) always offer a default option and (2) make sure the default is carefully designed to maximize the chooser\u2019s benefit.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Nudge<\/em>, Thaler and Sunstein use real-word examples of nudges that worked. Sweden\u2019s privatization of its social-security program provides a case study in the importance of defaults. The designers of the plan offered a carefully designed default fund, but they also presented citizens with dozens of additional choices and actively encouraged people not to opt for the default. As one would expect, a significant segment of the population\u20141\/3\u2014ended up investing in the default fund. But the majority of Swedes, who weren\u2019t necessarily financially literate, chose their own funds\u2014to their own detriment. The default fund outperformed the individually chosen funds by anywhere from 10%\u201315%<\/strong>. In this example, the Swedish government gave the right nudge in offering a thoughtful default (but they undermined that nudge by encouraging people not to choose the default).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another thoughtful use of defaults concerns binary choices, where one must opt in or out of certain programs or situations. Often, a simple change in the default\u2014from \u201copt-in\u201d to \u201copt-out\u201d or vice versa\u2014has significant beneficial effects<\/strong>. For example, making enrollment, rather than non-enrollment, the default in a retirement plan vastly increases the number of people saving for their golden years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Structured Choices<\/strong> in the Nudge<\/em> Book<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

When there are few options to choose from\u2014or the choice is low-stakes\u2014humans can distinguish among the options easily and make an informed choice. (An example might be the dollar menu at McDonald\u2019s.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, when there are many options, humans are highly prone to err. Nudge<\/em> by Thaler and Sunstein stresses that it\u2019s incumbent on choice architects to structure large choice sets to minimize humans\u2019 tendency to make mistakes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An example is tiered retirement-plan options offered by an employer. Tier One is intended for novice investors: It features a default fund, indexed to the market and allocated according to your age. Tier Two features a small choice of funds, categorized as aggressive, conservative, etc., for someone who wants more control over his or her investments. Tier Three features the entire complement of funds for an expert investor who wants complete control over his or her retirement.   
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robust Feedback Mechanisms<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Many of Humans\u2019 most egregious mistakes occur when they make once-or-twice-in-a-lifetime decisions, for which information and feedback are in short supply<\/strong>\u2014for example, taking out a mortgage or choosing a health insurance plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nudge <\/em>book’s answer to mistakes born of insufficient feedback is a regulatory system known as Record, Evaluate, and Compare Alternative Prices (RECAP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under a RECAP regime, public and private entities are required to provide clear and replicable reports of all essential data concerning their products. This data can then be used to compare prices, fees, and features with competing products. This contrasts to \u201cfine print\u201d features of contracts or hidden fees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, as it concerns mortgages, RECAP would require mortgage lenders to provide borrowers with an electronic file with the loan\u2019s interest rate, all applicable fees, and a schedule of payments over the life of the loan. The file could then be uploaded into third-party software for comparison with other files uploaded by other users. In other words, RECAP allows Humans to use their Reflective System<\/a> rather than their Automatic one<\/strong>.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Social Influence<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Humans are highly motivated by the behavior of their peers, and choice architects can achieve surprising results simply by framing certain beneficial choices as the social norm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An experiment conducted in San Marcos, California, illustrates the point. Working with a sample size of 300 households, the researchers informed each household of its energy use over the previous several weeks and also provided the average San Marcos household\u2019s consumption. In the subsequent weeks, the researchers found that the households whose consumption was above<\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>the average <\/strong>reduced<\/em><\/strong> their consumption<\/strong>. (Unfortunately, they found that social cues work both ways: Households under the average increased <\/em>their consumption.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Incentives<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Traditional economics relies on the assumption that the prices of goods and services reflect all the relevant information for consumers to make an informed choice. For example, it\u2019s a pretty safe bet that a used car that costs $3,000 will be less reliable or luxurious than a new one that costs $50,000.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But sometimes the relevant economic incentive<\/a> is obscure, resulting in a greater likelihood of human error. In these circumstances, better choice architecture can make the economic incentives of a given choice more \u201csalient\u201d (or obvious)<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A classic example is utility costs. When we crank A\/C on a hot day, we may have an inkling that we\u2019re incurring additional cost, but we don\u2019t truly recognize it until we receive our electricity bill at the end of the month. However, if our thermostat displayed the \u201ccost per hour\u201d of our new colder temperature\u2014thereby making the cost of our choice more salient\u2014we might think twice about lowering the thermostat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nudge<\/em> Book <\/strong>Responds to Objections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dyed-in-the-wool libertarians might bristle at these sorts of techniques, as they seem to constrain or otherwise corrupt free choice. \u201cIt\u2019s a slippery slope from a \u2018nudge\u2019 to a \u2018mandate\u2019,\u201d they might say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Nudge<\/em>, Thaler and Sunstein offer a three-part response to this sort of objection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Talking about the \u201cslippery slope\u201d sidesteps evaluating libertarian paternalism on its own merits<\/strong>. Does offering a better default retirement plan lead to better outcomes for workers? Does automatic enrollment in retirement plans result in more financially secure<\/a> seniors? If so, then those suspicious of \u201cbig government\u201d should suspend their misgivings. There will always be opportunities later to critique and, if necessary, retrench libertarian paternalistic approaches.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Through readily available \u201copt out\u201d choices, libertarian paternalism always offers an escape hatch<\/strong>. Slippery slopes are steepest when options are limited and there\u2019s no easy way to reverse course. Nudges prioritize choice\u2014there\u2019s always the possibility of opting out, even when the default is \u201copt-in\u201d\u2014and so the danger of creeping paternalism is limited.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Nudges are inevitable. <\/strong>Public and private entities are in the business of choice architecture, whether they want to be or not\u2014there\u2019s no such thing as a \u201cnatural\u201d or \u201cneutral\u201d presentation of choices. Thus it makes sense for these entities to nudge people<\/a> toward the most beneficial choices, as long as choice itself is jealously guarded<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Although pure neutrality is impossible, there are relative degrees <\/em>of neutrality. For example, a ballot shouldn\u2019t be designed by a choice architect<\/a> to favor one candidate over another\u2014rather, the candidates should be randomly ordered and nudges minimized.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is the Nudge book about? How does Nudge by Thaler and Sunstein address the need to respect free will? The Nudge book is about the concept of libertarian paternalism. In Nudge, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein show how you can respect people’s freedom of choice while also guiding them to choose better options. Learn more about the key messages in the Nudge book.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15928,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,9,43],"tags":[132],"class_list":["post-15612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-psychology","category-self-improvement","tag-nudge","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Nudge Book Balances Free Will With Guidance - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Can you respect the freedom of choice while also guiding the choices people make? Yes! 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