{"id":15611,"date":"2020-09-29T17:56:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-29T21:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=15611"},"modified":"2020-10-20T11:05:09","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T15:05:09","slug":"what-is-nudge-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-nudge-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Nudge Theory? Baby Steps to Good Choices"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory? How does the <em>Nudge<\/em> theory book explain how the theory can be applied to your life?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Nudge<\/em> theory is about helping people make better choices. What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory based on? The idea that people should have free choice, but that the choices can be presented in a way that encourages better outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on to understand what is <em><em>Nudge<\/em> <\/em>theory<em> <\/em>and learn how to apply it to your life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is <em>Nudge <\/em>Theory About?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In <em>Nudge<\/em>, behavioral economist and Nobel laureate Richard Thaler and legal scholar Cass Sunstein explain how and why we make the choices we do\u2014and how the people and institutions offering the choices can lead us to better decisions without infringing on our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/freedom-to-choose\/\">freedom to choose<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Humans vs. Econs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In much of the research into human <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/methods-of-decision-making-crucial-conversations\/\">decision-making<\/a>, humans are treated as \u201cEcons\u201d\u2014fantastical beings with incredible powers of perception and self-awareness who<em> <\/em><strong><em>infallibly make the best decisions for themselves<\/em>. <\/strong>Of course, as anyone who\u2019s bought a lemon from a used car dealer or taken out a mortgage with surprise fees can tell you, humans are more than capable of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/why-do-people-make-bad-decisions\/\">making bad choices<\/a>. What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory offering as a solution to this issue?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is where <em>behavioral <\/em>economics holds an advantage over traditional economics: It treats humans like \u201cHumans\u201d\u2014occasionally irrational beings prone to mistakes, especially when choices are <em>rare<\/em>, <em>complex<\/em>, and\/or <em>lacking in feedback mechanisms<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory saying about people&#8217;s choices? When a Human makes a bad decision, it\u2019s often the result of one or some combination of the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Automatic System Overpowering the Reflective System<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Psychologists have determined that we engage with the world through two systems: the Automatic, which is intuitive, instinctual, and immediate; and the Reflective, which is rational, deliberative, and delayed. Certain decisions\u2014choosing the appropriate risk allocation for your 401(k), for example\u2014require the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/reflective-system\/\">Reflective System<\/a>, but we all too often \u201cgo with our gut,\u201d meaning we rely on our intuition rather than cold, cool thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Use of Heuristics<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Heuristics are, essentially, rules of thumb; and while they can often aid us in making decisions, they can also lead us astray.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A particularly dangerous heuristic, identified by the behaviorial economists <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/daniel-kahneman-and-amos-tversky\/\">Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky<\/a>, is the \u201crepresentativeness\u201d heuristic. When we make decisions based on \u201crepresentativeness,\u201d we take either a stereotype of something or its past condition as an indication of its future. For example, if the stock market is booming, we might rush to invest, forgetting that the market is prone to fluctuations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Loss Aversion, Inertia, and Status Quo Bias<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Numerous studies have shown that humans are more afraid of suffering a loss than happy about realizing a gain, a habit of thinking that freezes us in our current situation (the status quo). A classic example is how workers decide on the allocation of their 401(k)s. <strong>Most workers will either set their allocation once and forget about it, or they\u2019ll opt for the default, even when these allocations aren\u2019t suitable for their age and retirement goals<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Temptation and\/or Mindlessness<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand temptation, we must recognize that we vacillate between \u201chot\u201d and \u201ccold\u201d states. When we\u2019re in a \u201chot\u201d state\u2014for example, when we\u2019re thirsty\u2014we\u2019re highly susceptible to certain stimuli (for example, a soda vending machine). When we\u2019re in a \u201ccold\u201d state\u2014for example, well hydrated from our reusable water bottle\u2014we\u2019re less susceptible to those stimuli. <strong>A temptation is something we consume more of when we\u2019re in a hot state<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temptation often strikes us in relation to food, as does mindlessness. When we\u2019re performing an action \u201cmindlessly,\u201d we\u2019re acting on autopilot, without thinking. <strong>Studies have shown that the more popcorn people are given\u2014even if the popcorn is stale!\u2014the more they\u2019ll eat<\/strong>, simply because consuming popcorn is such a routine action. What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory saying we can do about this? Limit opportunities for temptation and mindlessness to lead you astray.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Social Influence<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>What is <em>Nudge<\/em> theory saying about the influence of other people? Whereas an Econ only takes into account the choices in front of him or her, without considering what <em>other <\/em>Econs are doing, a Human is heavily influenced by his or her peers. Studies on music tastes, for example, have shown that a song\u2019s popularity is self-perpetuating\u2014<strong>in other words, its popularity has more to do with social approval than any intrinsic musical factor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Nudge theory? How does the Nudge theory book explain how the theory can be applied to your life? Nudge theory is about helping people make better choices. What is Nudge theory based on? The idea that people should have free choice, but that the choices can be presented in a way that encourages better outcomes. Read on to understand what is Nudge theory and learn how to apply it to your life.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7150,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,43,24],"tags":[132],"class_list":["post-15611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-self-improvement","category-society","tag-nudge","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is Nudge Theory? Baby Steps to Good Choices - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is Nudge theory? 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See how.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-nudge-theory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-29T21:56:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-20T15:05:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/start-with-why-diffusion-theory.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"931\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"529\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rina Shah\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-nudge-theory\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-nudge-theory\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rina Shah\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d07435826f13a8f422d5d333dceac287\"},\"headline\":\"What Is Nudge Theory? 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