{"id":15455,"date":"2020-09-25T09:58:13","date_gmt":"2020-09-25T13:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=15455"},"modified":"2020-09-27T15:14:38","modified_gmt":"2020-09-27T19:14:38","slug":"united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is the USAMRIID and What Does It Do?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases? What do they do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases focuses on fighting viruses and bacteria, and on how to contain outbreaks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more about the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and what they do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1983: U.S. Army Ebola Experiments<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1983, a U.S. Army civilian scientist and Ebola expert named Eugene Johnson led research on the Ebola and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ebola-marburg\/\">Marburg viruses<\/a>. <strong>Johnson and his team infected monkeys with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/zaire-ebolavirus\/\">Ebola Zaire<\/a>, then gave them various drugs in hope of finding one that either treated or cured the virus.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson conducted his experiments at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The work at United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases focused on fighting viruses and bacteria\u2014whether weaponized or naturally occurring\u2014by developing vaccines and studying how to contain outbreaks.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Level 4 Hot Zones<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>USAMRIID researchers studied Biosafety Levels 0, 2, 3, and 4 agents (there is no Level 1). Ebola was a Level 4 hot agent, which are lethal viruses that have no vaccines or cures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before entering a Level 4 hot zone, researchers went through a multistep safety process, including:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Removing all their jewelry and clothing, including underwear<\/li><li>Putting on sterile surgical pants and shirt<\/li><li>Covering hair with a surgical cap<\/li><li>Getting bathed in ultraviolet light, which impaired viruses from replicating<\/li><li>Putting on latex gloves and taping the edges closed around the cuffs of their shirtsleeves<\/li><li>Taping socks around the ends of their pant legs<\/li><li><strong>Putting on biological space suits<\/strong>, which were made of thick plastic and included attached rubber gloves<\/li><li>Wearing a latex glove over the rubber space-suit gloves, <strong>creating three layers of protection for researchers\u2019 hands, which were at the greatest risk as they handled blades and sharp bones<\/strong><\/li><li>Donning a plastic helmet and rubber boots<\/li><li>Crossing through a gray area, which provided a margin between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ebola-book-the-hot-zone\/\">the hot zone<\/a> and the regular world. The gray area also contained the decontamination shower, which sprayed researchers with a combination of water and chemicals as they exited the hot zone.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Any researchers whose suits had been breached and who were exposed to a Level 4 hot agent had to be quarantined in the USAMRIID\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/bio-containment-the-hot-zone\/\">biocontainment<\/a> hospital, called the Slammer. Those who died were buried in a Level 4 biocontainment morgue, called the Submarine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>No risk could be overlooked when dealing with such deadly and highly infective agents.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>All Four Reston Workers Contract the Virus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ebola-reston\/\">Ebola Reston<\/a> ran through the facility, <strong>one of Hazleton\u2019s animal caretakers\u2014<\/strong>referred to as John Coleus\u2014<strong>cut his thumb as he was performing a necropsy on one of the monkeys.<\/strong> The blade was covered in blood from the monkey\u2019s liver, where Ebola virus particles tend to concentrate. There was no question he\u2019d be infected.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Coleus appeared to be fine. Another health issue forced him to have a minor surgery shortly after he\u2019d been exposed, but, unlike typical Ebola patients, his blood coagulated normally.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>All four caretakers from the Reston facility\u2014Coleus, Purdy, Frantig, and another worker\u2014ultimately tested positive for Ebola Reston. But none of them ever broke with symptoms.<\/strong> Of the four, only Coleus was exposed through a cut, meaning Purdy and Frantig must have contracted the virus through the air.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Deems Ebola Reston Airborne<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases researchers viewed samples of infected monkeys\u2019 lungs, they saw that the virus had gotten into the lungs, taken over the cells, and multiplied until the cells were bursting with virus particles. The virus was present in the lungs\u2019 air spaces, so when the infected monkey coughed, the virus shot out with the sputum. The same would be true in infected humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the virus was harmless to people at that point, <strong>researchers worried that it could easily mutate to become just as deadly to people as the other filoviruses\u2014and its airborne transmission would make the effects far deadlier.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On one hand, the close contact required for transmission and the successful containment at Hazleton relieved some fear of a major epidemic or pandemic. On the other hand, all the questions that still remained about the filoviruses\u2014including their hosts, where they originate, and how and why they emerge\u2014amplified the fear of future outbreaks.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Since the book\u2019s publication in 1995, there have been Ebola outbreaks every few years, the majority of which have been Ebola Zaire. Most have been fairly small (less than 100 cases) and centered in Western Africa, but one was a far outlier: From 2013-2016, Ebola Zaire spread across 10 countries, infecting more than 28,000 people and killing more than 11,000.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases? What do they do? United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases focuses on fighting viruses and bacteria, and on how to contain outbreaks. Read more about the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and what they do.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,24],"tags":[131],"class_list":["post-15455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-society","tag-the-hot-zone","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is the USAMRIID and What Does It Do? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What does the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease do? 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USAMRIID does critical scientific research.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-25T13:58:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-27T19:14:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/USAMRIID-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1708\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Carrie Cabral\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Carrie Cabral\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Carrie Cabral\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/2ababb7c63a94ff5d2190f71dc417d56\"},\"headline\":\"What Is the USAMRIID and What Does It Do?\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-25T13:58:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-27T19:14:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\"},\"wordCount\":815,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/USAMRIID-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Hot Zone\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Health\",\"Society\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\",\"name\":\"What Is the USAMRIID and What Does It Do? - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/USAMRIID-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-25T13:58:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-27T19:14:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"What does the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease do? 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