{"id":15453,"date":"2020-09-26T09:49:05","date_gmt":"2020-09-26T13:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=15453"},"modified":"2020-09-27T15:14:48","modified_gmt":"2020-09-27T19:14:48","slug":"dr-eugene-johnson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/","title":{"rendered":"Dr. Eugene Johnson: Ebola Experiments and Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Who is Dr. Eugene Johnson? What was his role in Ebola research, and discovering the origins of Ebola?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Eugene Johnson is a scientist and Ebola expert who helped identify new strains of Ebola, and helped research the origins of Ebola. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more about Dr. Eugene Johnson and his contributions to Ebola research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1983: U.S. Army Ebola Experiments<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1983, a U.S. Army civilian scientist and Ebola expert named Dr. Eugene Johnson led research on the Ebola and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ebola-marburg\/\">Marburg viruses<\/a>. <strong>Johnson and his team infected monkeys with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/zaire-ebolavirus\/\">Ebola Zaire<\/a>, then gave them various drugs in hope of finding one that either treated or cured the virus.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson conducted his experiments at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/united-states-army-medical-research-institute-of-infectious-diseases\/\">United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases<\/a> (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The work at USAMRIID focused on fighting viruses and bacteria\u2014whether weaponized or naturally occurring\u2014by developing vaccines and studying how to contain outbreaks.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1987: The Case of Peter Cardinal<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In September 1987, a 10-year-old Danish boy died at Nairobi Hospital after traveling around Kenya with his parents and sister. The boy, known as Peter Cardinal, had symptoms that included:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Skin turning blue with red spots, which eventually turned into large bruises<\/li><li>Skin nearly separating from the tissue underneath it, as a result of blood pooling there<\/li><li>Mucus in his lungs that made it difficult to breathe<\/li><li>Bleeding around his brain<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Eugene Johnson, who ran the Ebola experiments at the USAMRIID, infected monkey cells with a sample of the boy\u2019s blood. The monkey cells quickly exploded and were destroyed. The same thing happened to guinea pig cells, which meant <strong>the virus was adaptable to different species.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through more tests, Johnson confirmed what he suspected: <strong>Cardinal\u2019s blood contained Marburg virus.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dr. Eugene <strong>Johnson Tries Tracking Down Marburg<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Eugene Johnson had to find out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Where Cardinal contracted the virus<\/li><li>What kind of host carried the virus<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson found out that Cardinal had visited <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/kitum-cave\/\">Kitum Cave<\/a> with his family shortly before getting sick. Johnson considered two ways Cardinal could\u2019ve become infected:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Cardinal could\u2019ve contracted Marburg through the air. <\/strong>Johnson had done a previous experiment revealing that Marburg and Ebola could be infectious when airborne. But this didn\u2019t explain why Cardinal\u2019s parents and sister didn\u2019t get sick.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Cardinal could\u2019ve scratched his hand on a sharp rock of crystal<\/strong>, creating an entry point for the virus, which could\u2019ve been on a surface in the cave.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Eugene Johnson led an expedition into Kitum Cave with 35 American and Kenyan doctors and scientists, as well as guinea pigs, baboons, and several types of monkeys. Since there were no virus detection tools, he put animals in cages at different locations to act as canaries in the coal mine\u2014if one got sick, researchers narrowed their search to the location of that animal\u2019s cage and tried to pinpoint how the animal was infected.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, <strong>all the animals in Johnson\u2019s expedition remained healthy.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the team caught and dissected small animals and thousands of bugs from the cave, hoping to find a sign of Marburg. But they found nothing.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dr. Eugene Johnson\u2019s expedition neither confirmed nor ruled out Kitum Cave as the source of the virus. <\/strong>The only thing he knew definitively was what he knew before the expedition: that Marburg lived somewhere on or near Mount Elgon.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Who is Dr. Eugene Johnson? What was his role in Ebola research, and discovering the origins of Ebola? Dr. Eugene Johnson is a scientist and Ebola expert who helped identify new strains of Ebola, and helped research the origins of Ebola. Read more about Dr. Eugene Johnson and his contributions to Ebola research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15462,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,33],"tags":[131],"class_list":["post-15453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-people","tag-the-hot-zone","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dr. Eugene Johnson: Ebola Experiments and Research - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Who was Dr. Eugene Johnson? 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Here&#039;s how.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-26T13:49:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-27T19:14:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/dr-eugene-johnson-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Carrie Cabral\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Carrie Cabral\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Carrie Cabral\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/2ababb7c63a94ff5d2190f71dc417d56\"},\"headline\":\"Dr. Eugene Johnson: Ebola Experiments and Research\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-26T13:49:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-27T19:14:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/\"},\"wordCount\":575,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/dr-eugene-johnson-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Hot Zone\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Health\",\"People\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/\",\"name\":\"Dr. Eugene Johnson: Ebola Experiments and Research - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dr-eugene-johnson\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/dr-eugene-johnson-hot-zone-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-26T13:49:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-27T19:14:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"Who was Dr. Eugene Johnson? 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