{"id":129676,"date":"2024-09-12T12:20:49","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T16:20:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=129676"},"modified":"2024-09-16T12:52:20","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:52:20","slug":"mental-representations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/mental-representations\/","title":{"rendered":"3 Mental Representations Our Brains Use (Steven Pinker)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How do our brains represent the world around us? How accurate are these mental representations?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <em>The Blank Slate<\/em>, Steven Pinker argues that the mainstream <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/views-of-human-nature\/\">view of human nature<\/a> is false. Then, he seeks to replace it by showing that science establishes an alternative conception of human nature. The first component of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/scientific-view-of-human-nature\/\">scientific view of human nature<\/a> is accurate mental representations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more to understand why Pinker believes our brains have evolved to use categories, languages, and images to accurately represent the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mental-representation-1-categories\">Mental Representation #1: Categories<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The first <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/mental-representation\/\">mental representation<\/a> Pinker discusses is <em>categories<\/em>. He points out that our brains accurately sort things into different categories that help us reason about the world. For instance, your brain might categorize \u201clarge green things with scales and sharp teeth that swim underwater\u201d as <em>alligators<\/em>, allowing you to identify alligators when you see them. Then, because you know that alligators are dangerous, this categorization allows you to respond appropriately when you see an alligator\u2014whether that means running away or choosing not to engage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Social scientists note that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7577394\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">we also categorize <em>people <\/em>by forming various social categories<\/a> to which they belong. Although this helps children understand the world around them by, for instance, sorting individuals into different races, genders, and socioeconomic groups, it can also lead to harmful prejudices. For example, children might subconsciously form problematic racial biases as they learn to categorize people on racial grounds.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mental-representation-2-language\">Mental Representation #2: Language<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, Pinker writes that our brains have the capacity for <em>language <\/em>that allows us to accurately represent the world. Unlike postmodernists, who allege that language is merely a consistent system with no connection to the actual world, Pinker argues that we intuitively grasp the connection between our words and our world. For example, we often lament situations in which we can\u2019t find the words to describe our experiences, but this presupposes that we <em>can <\/em>use language to accurately represent our experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Most philosophers of language agree with Pinker\u2019s claim that language allows us to represent the world. According to these philosophers, language allows us to express <em>propositions<\/em>\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/propositions-structured\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">meaningful ideas about the world that can either be true or false<\/a>. For this reason, speakers of two different languages can still express the same proposition. For instance, an English speaker saying \u201csnow is white\u201d and a German speaker saying \u201cSchnee ist weiss\u201d express the same proposition.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mental-representation-3-images\">Mental Representation #3: Images<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, Pinker argues that we use images to faithfully capture the world. These images can be physical, like photographs, or mental representations, like when you imagine an apple. Once again, he notes that, according to postmodernists, images have no connection to the external world; postmodernist theory holds that images are <em>equivalent <\/em>to reality, rather than <em>representative <\/em>of reality. But Pinker notes that this thesis contradicts our practice of critiquing images as unrealistic\u2014for example, we might critique a painting of a celebrity if it doesn\u2019t resemble them. Contrary to the postmodernist view, this practice presupposes that images <em>can<\/em> accurately resemble the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-and-his-emissary\/1-page-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Master and His Emissary<\/em><\/a>, Iain McGilchrist joins Pinker in critiquing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/postmodernism-on-culture\/\">postmodernism<\/a>, adding that the postmodernist view of images harms our ability to appreciate art. According to McGilchrist, <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-and-his-emissary\/1-page-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">postmodernists began to value \u201cart for art\u2019s sake\u201d<\/a> instead of recognizing that art is supposed to reflect some feature of reality. In turn, postmodernist artists often preferred abstract works that lack meaning.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do our brains represent the world around us? How accurate are these mental representations? In The Blank Slate, Steven Pinker argues that the mainstream view of human nature is false. Then, he seeks to replace it by showing that science establishes an alternative conception of human nature. The first component of the scientific view of human nature is accurate mental representations. Read more to understand why Pinker believes our brains have evolved to use categories, languages, and images to accurately represent the world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":129683,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,9,160],"tags":[1582],"class_list":["post-129676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-psychology","category-science","tag-the-blank-slate","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>3 Mental Representations Our Brains Use (Steven Pinker) - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to Steven Pinker, one component of the scientific view of human nature is accurate mental representations. 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