Are you tired of feeling guilty for your actions? Is that feeling justified? What if you’re not responsible for what you do and say?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In his book Determined<\/em>, Robert Sapolsky explores the concept of determinism and its implications for personal responsibility. He challenges our traditional notions of praise, blame, and punishment in a world with no consequences for our choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Keep reading to understand Sapolsky’s thought-provoking ideas about human behavior and accountability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n If free will doesn\u2019t exist, then by definition people aren\u2019t responsible for their own actions. Sapolsky says that, if we follow that line of thought to its conclusion, it suggests that there should be no consequences, whether good or bad. People shouldn\u2019t be praised or rewarded for the things they accomplish, and they shouldn’t be blamed or punished for what they do wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sapolsky addresses praise and reward first, and he acknowledges that this is a logical conclusion if determinism is true. However, he also recognizes that this goes against human nature in several crucial ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1) It goes against our natural drive to compete. <\/strong>This doesn\u2019t just mean our drive to prove that we\u2019re better than our peers, but also our ancient drive to compete for resources. Why do anything if we won\u2019t be rewarded for it? For instance, why enter a competition if there\u2019s no trophy to win? Why go to work if we won\u2019t get paid? Again, what\u2019s the point of doing anything? <\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: The anticipation of getting something you want\u2014whether it\u2019s a paycheck, an award, or just the satisfaction of reaching a personal goal\u2014is one of the most powerful motivators in human psychology. As psychiatrist Daniel Lieberman and educator Michael Long explain in The Molecule of More<\/em><\/a>, this is because of a chemical called dopamine<\/a>. Your brain releases dopamine when you\u2019re expecting a reward for doing something, which motivates you to go and do that thing. Therefore, if there\u2019s no expectation of a reward, you\u2019re unlikely to have that dopamine rush<\/a> driving you to work hard; the lack of dopamine would create the feelings of pointlessness that Sapolsky discusses here.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2) It goes against our natural desire for recognition. <\/strong>We want our efforts to be recognized and our accomplishments to be praised. If nobody\u2019s going to be proud of us\u2014including ourselves\u2014then what\u2019s the point of achieving anything?<\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: To illustrate just how strongly some people feel about the need for recognition<\/a>, some free will skeptics have talked about abusive and threatening emails they\u2019ve received. For example, philosophy professor Galen Strawson<\/a> had to go to the police after receiving several threatening messages from somebody who was enraged over Strawson\u2019s claim that people aren\u2019t responsible for their own achievements<\/a>. In their first email, the sender specifically accused Strawson of trivializing everything that any of his loved ones had ever accomplished.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3) It goes against our natural need for control. <\/strong>We like to believe, and centuries\u2019 worth of culture have taught us, that we can take control of our lives through discipline and hard work. Therefore, we naturally resist the idea that we\u2019re not <\/em>in control and never can be. It\u2019s hard to accept that all of our hard work and everything we\u2019ve achieved are just our winnings from some cosmic lottery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: Mental health experts say that control over one\u2019s life\u2014or more accurately, having a feeling <\/em>of control\u2014is an important part of overall well-being<\/a>. Someone who doesn\u2019t feel like they\u2019re in control is likely to become stressed and anxious, or alternatively to develop feelings of helplessness and depression. Furthermore, numerous studies suggest that this tendency is hardwired into our genes<\/a>. This suggests that we have an inherent need to feel control over our lives, in much the same way that we have an inherent need to feel love and a sense of belonging<\/a>.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n As you\u2019ve just seen, a common concern about a deterministic world is that there seems to be no point to doing anything, since you won\u2019t get recognition or rewards for what you accomplish. In response, Sapolsky offers two reasons why your efforts would still be worthwhile: a selfish motivation<\/a> and a selfless one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n From a selfish perspective, anything that improves the world<\/a> around you will also make your own life better.<\/strong> For example, working to keep your neighborhood clean would improve your quality of life<\/a>, even if nobody personally thanks you for it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: Stoic philosophy presents another way that making the world better also makes your own life better: In Meditations<\/em><\/a>, Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius says that working for the common good is the only way to live a happy and fulfilling life<\/a>. Aurelius\u2019s reasoning is that in order to feel fulfilled, you must have a consistent goal and spend your life working toward that goal. However, people are naturally inconsistent<\/em>; your personal desires and goals will change frequently. Therefore, any fulfilling goal must be for the good of all, rather than directed toward your ever-changing personal interests.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n From a selfless perspective, Sapolsky argues that if you\u2019re concerned about praise and rewards in the first place, then you\u2019re almost certainly coming from a position of relative privilege. This is because people who have to scrabble for basic necessities like food and shelter don\u2019t have the luxury of worrying about such things. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Therefore, the author urges you to improve the world, not for your own benefit, but for the benefit of people who are less fortunate than you.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: In The Selfish Gene<\/em><\/a>, biologist Richard Dawkins discusses selfish and selfless behaviors in nature. Dawkins uses game theory<\/a> to predict the outcomes of various behavioral patterns<\/a> in a hypothetical animal species and concludes that the best possible outcome happens when all members of that species act selflessly<\/a>. This means that the animal population would grow to its maximum possible size, with all members having access to the resources they need to thrive. Sapolsky is making a similar argument here, saying that selfless actions will create the best possible outcomes for humanity as a whole.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n While many people won\u2019t want to give up on getting rewarded for what they do, Sapolsky says that the opposite side of this issue (giving up on blaming and punishing people for wrongdoing) will also spark fierce resistance. One major reason people will cling to the idea of accountability is that human brains are hardwired to search for answers.<\/strong> This is to say, we naturally want to know why something happened and what we should do about it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: The human instinct to seek out patterns and solutions has been a crucial survival strategy throughout history<\/a>. The ability to recognize patterns (like which plants were poisonous, which animals were most aggressive, and the signs of inclement weather) allowed our ancestors to recognize danger and avoid it. This pattern recognition<\/a> also helped them to devise solutions to problems, such as creating better tools for hunting and building shelters for themselves. Therefore, the twin drives to analyze and problem-solve are deeply ingrained in human nature.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Unfortunately, we also tend to look for answers that are simple and satisfying. So, when something bad happens, we start asking simple questions: who\u2019s to blame (why it happened) and how we should punish them (what we\u2019re going to do about it). <\/strong>Compounding this issue is the fact that, in many cases, it seems obvious that a person is <\/em>responsible for what happened, and seeing them punished satisfies our sense of justice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For example, if your car is stopped at a red light and someone rear-ends you, of course you\u2019re going to want to blame that other driver for the accident and demand that they pay for any damages. Determinism says that the crash was the inevitable result of myriad different factors, and therefore the other driver isn\u2019t responsible. Unfortunately, that answer is both complicated and unsatisfying, so your mind is likely to resist it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n (Shortform note: Just like our tendency to seek out solutions in the first place, our attraction to simple answers goes back to our ancient ancestors. As historian Yuval Noah Harari explains in 21 Lessons for the 21st Century<\/em><\/a>, prehistoric humans lived in small, relatively isolated tribes. This means that we\u2019ve evolved to understand simple and small-scale problems, like conflicts between people or between tribes; we still struggle to grasp large, complex issues<\/a>. Therefore, people tend to take mental shortcuts<\/a>, like labeling<\/a> someone as \u201cbad\u201d and assigning blame<\/a> to that person, rather than trying to comprehend the countless things that influenced their actions.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n With all of this said, Sapolsky gives a partial counterpoint to himself: Rewards and punishments would still make sense to the extent that they can influence people\u2019s behavior.<\/strong> For instance, if you punish a child for breaking something, that child will probably be more careful in the future\u2014it isn\u2019t fair, but it\u2019s effective nonetheless. <\/p>\n\n\n\nNo Consequence of Praise or Reward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The Point: The Common Good<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
No Consequence of Blame or Punishment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n