{"id":121995,"date":"2024-01-31T10:38:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-31T14:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=121995"},"modified":"2024-01-31T15:19:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-31T19:19:05","slug":"christianity-in-the-victorian-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/","title":{"rendered":"Christianity in the Victorian Era: When Masculinity Was Genteel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What were Christian men like during the Victorian Era? How and why did masculinity change around the turn of the 20th century?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A professor of history and gender studies at Calvin University, Kristin Du Mez, presents an intriguing perspective of Christianity in the Victorian era in her book <em>Jesus and John Wayne<\/em>. She focuses on men and masculinity and argues that they were quite different than they became in the 20th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more to understand Du Mez&#8217;s views.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-christianity-in-the-victorian-era\">Christianity in the Victorian Era<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Du Mez contends that, to understand the development of evangelicalism during the first and second World Wars, it\u2019s helpful to first understand the state of evangelical Christianity in the Victorian era\u2014the time between the early 19th and early 20th century that roughly corresponds to Queen Victoria\u2019s reign in England. She argues that <strong>Victorian era evangelicalism included a genteel notion of masculinity that eventually gave way to Teddy Roosevelt and the \u201cmuscular Christianity\u201d movement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Du Mez points out that, throughout the 19th century, men mostly worked hands-on jobs such as farming or operating small businesses. Virtues such as self-discipline were considered essential to masculinity as those virtues were essential to thriving as a businessman or an agrarian worker. The ideal Christian man was therefore a gentleman who worked hard and practiced restraint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Experts note that, in addition to self-discipline and restraint, the Victorian era also prized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/research-products\/speech\/from-victorian-virtues-to-modern-values\/#:~:text=And%20so%20with%20the%20other,one%20might%20say%2C%20democratic%20virtues.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">several other virtues that were socially relevant<\/a>. For example, <em>thrift<\/em>\u2014spending one\u2019s money wisely\u2014became a crucial virtue, given that Western society was relatively less prosperous during the Victorian era. Similarly, the lack of social support systems made self-reliance especially important.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Du Mez maintains that this model of masculinity began to erode during the late 1890s, as the evolving US economy changed the nature of men\u2019s jobs. Rather than working hands-on jobs, men migrated to cities and began working corporate jobs in offices. In turn, for many men who had previously identified their masculinity with their work, this sense of masculinity felt threatened as the new office jobs didn\u2019t require the same manly strength as their previous work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Although the changing nature of work at the turn of the century was difficult for men to accept, it helped make work more accessible for women, leading to an increased percentage of women in the workforce\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/business\/labor\/women-labor-force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18% of the women above 16 years old were employed in 1900<\/a>, a number that gradually increased to around 22% by 1910.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Du Mez says that, under 26th US President Teddy Roosevelt, a new brand of rugged <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christian-masculinity\/\">Christian masculinity<\/a> arose in response to this perceived threat. She notes that Roosevelt\u2019s election in 1901 popularized his conception of masculinity, where men were akin to rough Western cowboys who used violence to protect the innocent. Moreover, she points out that Roosevelt\u2019s rugged conception of masculinity took on a distinctly evangelical flavor through the \u201cmuscular Christianity\u201d movement, in which evangelical men rejected pacifism and instead embraced an aggressive view of masculinity that justified violence against one\u2019s enemies in war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: In addition to sparking greater enthusiasm for violence in war, the muscular Christianity movement also sparked a desire for violence in sports, according to experts. These experts contend that, because the muscular Christianity movement placed a high premium on physicality in sports, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sport\/blog\/2015\/may\/08\/muscular-christianity-and-american-sports-undying-love-of-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">it was responsible for \u201csaving football\u201d in the early 1900s<\/a> by celebrating the violent hits that had become common in football at the time. Thus, football became immensely more popular during the early 1900s as it fulfilled muscular Christianity\u2019s craving for violence.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What were Christian men like during the Victorian Era? How and why did masculinity change around the turn of the 20th century? A professor of history and gender studies at Calvin University, Kristin Du Mez, presents an intriguing perspective of Christianity in the Victorian era in her book Jesus and John Wayne. She focuses on men and masculinity and argues that they were quite different than they became in the 20th century. Read more to understand Du Mez&#8217;s views.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":122008,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,6],"tags":[1382],"class_list":["post-121995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-spiritual","tag-jesus-and-john-wayne","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Christianity in the Victorian Era: When Masculinity Was Genteel - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Christianity in the Victorian era included a notion of masculinity that predated \u201cmuscular Christianity.\u201d Here&#039;s Kristin Du Mez&#039;s argument.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Christianity in the Victorian Era: When Masculinity Was Genteel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Christianity in the Victorian era included a notion of masculinity that predated \u201cmuscular Christianity.\u201d Here&#039;s Kristin Du Mez&#039;s argument.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-31T14:38:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-31T19:19:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/farmer-old-fashioned-historical.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elizabeth Whitworth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d2928cf6c11a69ced1491d6a5b74fb13\"},\"headline\":\"Christianity in the Victorian Era: When Masculinity Was Genteel\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-31T14:38:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-31T19:19:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\"},\"wordCount\":604,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/farmer-old-fashioned-historical.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Jesus and John Wayne\"],\"articleSection\":[\"History\",\"Spiritual\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/christianity-in-the-victorian-era\/\",\"name\":\"Christianity in the Victorian Era: When Masculinity Was Genteel - 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