{"id":121498,"date":"2024-01-15T13:05:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-15T17:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=121498"},"modified":"2024-01-25T13:13:21","modified_gmt":"2024-01-25T17:13:21","slug":"indigenous-civil-rights-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/indigenous-civil-rights-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"The Indigenous Civil Rights Movement: 1960s and Beyond"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What were the key features of the indigenous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/black-power-and-civil-rights-movement\/\">civil rights movement<\/a> in the US? What did Native activists accomplish in the 1960s?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The indigenous civil rights movement sought to achieve self-governance, treaty enforcement, and land restitution for Native Americans. The movement has had many long-term impacts still seen today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on for more about Native American activism during the civil rights era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-native-american-mobilization-during-the-civil-rights-era\">Native American Mobilization During the Civil Rights Era<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The US\u2019s attempt to urbanize Native American youth had unintended consequences\u2014many of these relocated youth were poor and therefore more amenable to radicalization, and living in cities increased their exposure to the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Thus, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/indigenous-resistance\/\">Native American resistance<\/a> efforts exploded during the civil rights era. <\/strong>The indigenous civil rights movement focused on restoring three basic native rights: the right to self-governance, the right to enforce treaties between the US and native nations, and the right to land restitution. Native activists also joined multicultural coalitions fighting for the rights of all oppressed people of color, like Martin Luther King Jr.\u2019s Poor People\u2019s Campaign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/American-civil-rights-movement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">civil rights movement<\/a> began in the 1950s in protest of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-institutional-racism\/\">systemic racism<\/a>, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/jim-crow-segregation-nasa\/\">Jim Crow laws<\/a>. But the movement wasn\u2019t limited to anti-Black racism; urbanized native youth joined the struggle, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09546553.2021.1974845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">possibly because their experience of poverty exacerbated feelings of injustice and grievance<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x\/1-page-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Autobiography of Malcolm X<\/em><\/a><em>, <\/em>civil rights activist Malcolm X explains <em>why <\/em>multicultural coalitions such as the Poor People\u2019s Campaign (which aimed to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Poor-Peoples-March\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">redress economic inequality<\/a>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.civilrightsmuseum.org\/50-voices-for-50-years\/posts\/the-legacy-of-kings-influence-from-black-power-to-black-lives-matter%20link%20for%20%22rainbow%20coalition%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fred Hampton\u2019s Rainbow Coalition<\/a> (which united socialists of all races, including Native Americans) gained steam during the movement: <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x\/1-page-summary#racial-harmony-among-all-muslims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">People of color across the globe could trace their struggles to a single source<\/a>\u2014white colonialists and imperialists.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some efforts to win back the rights and lands of Native Americans were successful\u2014for example, Pueblo peoples won the return of Blue Lake, which was sacred to them, from the state of New Mexico. Others succeeded only in part. For example, beginning in 1969, native activists occupied Alcatraz Island for a year and a half, demanding that institutions that would support Native American life be built there. That didn\u2019t happen, but afterward, the indigenous professors founded a Native American college called D-Q and a new Native American studies program at the University of California.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: To secure Blue Lake, the Pueblo appealed to the First Amendment of the US Constitution, arguing that since the lake was sacred to them, restricted access to the lake infringed on their fundamental rights as citizens to freedom of religion. Experts explain that activists zeroed in on Alcatraz Island (which is most famously known as the location of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Alcatraz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a prison that housed notorious criminals like Al Capone<\/a>) because of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/alca\/learn\/historyculture\/we-hold-the-rock.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">its historic importance to indigenous peoples<\/a>, including refugees of the Californian missions. The Alcatraz occupation spurred long-lasting changes to higher education: Although <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2005-feb-20-me-tribalu20-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D-Q closed in 2005<\/a>, there are now <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/whiaiane\/tribes-tcus\/tribal-colleges-and-universities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">32 tribal colleges and universities<\/a>, and many <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-going-to-college-worth-it\/\">US colleges<\/a> offer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/education\/best-colleges\/articles\/becoming-a-native-american-studies-major-what-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Native American studies programs<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Indigenous activism inspired by the civil rights movement also had a long-term, global cultural impact<\/strong>, citing two notable examples. First, as part of a 1972 protest called the Trail of Broken Treaties, activists broke into the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and stole federal documents proving US mistreatment of Native Americans. The activists presented their findings to the United Nations (UN), which eventually led the UN to release a Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: According to some sources, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/000\/trail-of-broken-treaties.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the activists didn\u2019t originally plan to break into the BIA<\/a>. They intended to visit reservations across the country, learn more about their needs, and present a list of demands to both the US presidential candidates of the year. However, once they reached Washington, D.C., they were denied access to the candidates\u2014partly because of the BIA\u2019s interference. Frustrated, they broke in and occupied the BIA. Instead of publicizing the activists\u2019 demands, the press focused on the occupation and acts of vandalism the activists committed. (Researchers have found that <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1940161219853517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">it\u2019s common for the press to lose sight of protestors\u2019 messages<\/a> and focus on their methods instead.) That may partially explain the 35-year delay in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/indigenouspeoples\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/11\/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UN\u2019s Declaration<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, in 1973, activists occupied Wounded Knee (where a massacre of Sioux people had taken place in 1890, as we discussed earlier). News coverage of the event educated the American public about the 1890 massacre there and likened the massacre to the My Lai massacre of 1968 (a war crime the US committed in Vietnam). As a result, the American public knew more about the US\u2019s history of imperialist violence against indigenous peoples\u2014in both the Americas and abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Experts note that 20 US soldiers who contributed to the massacre at Wounded Knee received Medals of Honor for their participation. In 2019, activists and lawmakers began <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/united-states-government-a23c552c79c1489f8a81ae40d8a92d7f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">advocating for the rescindment of these medals<\/a>. They compared it with the massacre at My Lai, noting that those perpetrators didn\u2019t receive awards\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/active_learning\/explorations\/vietnam\/vietnam_mylai.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">several were charged with war crimes<\/a> (though only one was convicted). That legislation failed, but <a href=\"https:\/\/sourcenm.com\/2024\/01\/03\/an-alternative-proposal-for-the-wounded-knee-medal-problem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">paths toward rescindment<\/a> are still being explored. Some experts believe the massacres at Wounded Knee and My Lai have the same roots\u2014they contend that the US\u2019s involvement in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/tim-obrien-vietnam\/\">Vietnam War<\/a> can be attributed to <a href=\"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/2016\/12\/01\/lessons-from-the-vietnam-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US support of French colonialism and US imperialist military policies<\/a>.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What were the key features of the indigenous civil rights movement in the US? What did Native activists accomplish in the 1960s? The indigenous civil rights movement sought to achieve self-governance, treaty enforcement, and land restitution for Native Americans. The movement has had many long-term impacts still seen today. Read on for more about Native American activism during the civil rights era.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":121499,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,275],"tags":[1378],"class_list":["post-121498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-politics","tag-an-indigenous-peoples-history-of-the-united-states","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Indigenous Civil Rights Movement: 1960s and Beyond - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The indigenous civil rights movement of the 1960s inspired lasting change for Native Americans. 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