{"id":11998,"date":"2020-08-08T00:17:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-08T04:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=11998"},"modified":"2022-04-01T16:03:21","modified_gmt":"2022-04-01T20:03:21","slug":"johns-hopkins-night-doctors-henrietta-lacks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/johns-hopkins-night-doctors-henrietta-lacks\/","title":{"rendered":"Johns Hopkins Night Doctors: Pattern of Unethical Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the history of Johns Hopkins and its treatment of African Americans? Who were the night doctors? What reputation does Johns Hopkins have with Baltimoreans?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johns Hopkins night doctors were thought to kidnap people for inhumane experimentation. They are part of a history of mistreatment in the medical and research fields and related to how Hopkins treated Henrietta Lacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn more Henrietta Lacks, Johns Hopkins, night doctors, and ethical issues in research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Night Doctors and Exploitation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the early 19th century, African Americans had traded tales of \u201cnight doctors\u201d who would abduct people in the middle of the night for gruesome experiments. These tales weren\u2019t just the product of superstition: <strong>During slavery, doctors <\/strong><strong><em>would <\/em><\/strong><strong>in fact test new drugs or surgical procedures\u2014the latter without anesthesia\u2014on slaves<\/strong>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Later, in the early twentieth century, deceased African Americans were exhumed from their graves and sent north to medical schools desperate for cadavers to study. Hence the belief among African-American Baltimoreans that Hopkins was built among <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/black-poverty-in-america\/\">poor black people<\/a> to have easy access to research subjects.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Mission of Johns Hopkins Hospital<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The irony was that Johns Hopkins Hospital was founded to help poor people and especially African Americans<\/strong>. Johns Hopkins\u2019s father, a Maryland plantation owner, freed his slaves long before emancipation, and Johns Hopkins himself donated $7 million of his fortune to establish a medical school and charity hospital. In letters to the trustees he\u2019d chosen for the board of the hospital, he mandated that the hospital treat those who couldn\u2019t otherwise afford medical care and set aside funds for the express purpose of serving orphaned African-American children.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its founding mission, Hopkins did indeed, at various times, breach the trust of the community it was meant to serve. In 1969, a researcher examined blood samples from 7,000 neighborhood children without consent in an effort to determine whether there was a gene for criminality. <strong>And in the \u201990s, researchers intentionally exposed black children to lead to study lead-abatement techniques<\/strong>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Henrietta Lacks: Johns Hopkins Worst Offense<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The gravest offense of all, however, according to black Baltimoreans, was how the doctors at Hopkins had exploited Henrietta Lacks<\/strong>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/henrietta-lacks-family\/\">Lacks family<\/a>, for their part, were furious over and devastated by how they\u2019d been treated. They told Skloot that they were given no information about what was happening with Henrietta\u2019s cells and hadn\u2019t been compensated. (Even though Hopkins had said on numerous occasions they\u2019d given the cells away, the family suspected that the hospital had turned a profit.) <strong>That Henrietta\u2019s cells had played such an outsize role in medical advances was especially painful given that the Lackses themselves were in poor health and could only afford insurance intermittently<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the history of Johns Hopkins and its treatment of African Americans? Who were the night doctors? What reputation does Johns Hopkins have with Baltimoreans? Johns Hopkins night doctors were thought to kidnap people for inhumane experimentation. They are part of a history of mistreatment in the medical and research fields and related to how Hopkins treated Henrietta Lacks. Learn more Henrietta Lacks, Johns Hopkins, night doctors, and ethical issues in research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12077,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,39],"tags":[111],"class_list":["post-11998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-history","tag-the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Johns Hopkins Night Doctors: Pattern of Unethical Treatment - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Night doctors kidnapped people to use for experimentation without their consent. 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