{"id":119966,"date":"2023-12-22T08:01:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-22T12:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=119966"},"modified":"2023-12-26T11:51:24","modified_gmt":"2023-12-26T15:51:24","slug":"verbal-signs-of-deception","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/verbal-signs-of-deception\/","title":{"rendered":"The 4 Verbal Signs of Deception, According to the CIA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What are the most common verbal signs of deception? What does lying look like?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four verbal signs of deception according to the CIA<\/a> are inappropriate responses, failure to answer, qualifier-heavy answers, and generally suspicious responses like inconsistency and aggression. Noticing these signs can help you determine if someone is lying in an interview or interrogation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Continue reading for more detail on what these verbal signs of deception look like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Verbal Signs of Deception to Look Out For<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Verbal signs of deception are certain things CIA experts have found guilty people often <\/strong>say <\/em><\/strong>in response to questions<\/strong>\u2014usually in a bid to buy time or manipulate you into liking them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These experts provide four broad categories of verbal signs to look out for: \u201cinappropriate\u201d responses, failure or reluctance to answer, qualifier-heavy answers, and generally suspicious responses. There are numerous specific signs within each category that you\u2019ll look for and count when identifying clusters. Let\u2019s explore each category and its signs now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verbal Sign 1: \u201cInappropriate\u201d Responses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Inappropriate responses don\u2019t make sense given the tone or subject of your conversation. The authors outline four types of inappropriate responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inappropriate questions<\/strong> are ones the interviewee would be unlikely to ask if they were innocent\u2014for example, \u201cWhat evidence do you have against me?\u201d An innocent interviewee would assume there\u2019s no evidence against him, so he\u2019d be unlikely to ask this question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inappropriate levels of politeness:<\/strong> If the interviewee becomes overly formal with you or offers you a compliment for seemingly no reason, he may be trying to be more likable<\/a>. According to the authors, this is often intended to make you less confrontational and more likely to believe him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inappropriately high concern for minor events:<\/strong> For example, the interviewee shows outrage over a coworker\u2019s dessert being stolen from the community fridge. This is often an attempt to portray himself as a righteous, innocent person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inappropriately low concern for major events:<\/strong> For example, the interviewee shows indifference or dismissiveness toward a coworker’s murder. By doing this, the interviewee may be trying to convince you that a legitimate problem isn\u2019t actually concerning. <\/strong>The authors describe this as an irrational, defensive effort to escape reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep In Mind That Appropriateness Is Subjective<\/strong>

Judgments regarding appropriateness tend to be highly subjective\u2014either because you and your interviewee are simply different people or because of cultural differences<\/a>.

On an individual level<\/strong>, people are often bad at judging what kind of response a situation merits. For example, one study found that many people interpret an angry response to an accusation as a sign of guilt<\/a>\u2014even though anger is a much more common response if you\u2019re innocent than if you\u2019re guilty.

In addition, different cultures<\/strong> have unique ideas<\/a> of what makes an appropriate response. For example, to the Pashtun people, an accusation of minor wrongdoing merits outrage that can justifiably escalate to bloodshed.<\/a> On the other hand, in many Western countries, office workers are often expected to endure disrespectful teasing without taking offense.<\/a> If you\u2019re unfamiliar with your interviewee\u2019s culture, consider that your judgments of appropriate behavior may not align with theirs.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Verbal Sign 2: Failure or Reluctance to Answer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

CIA experts explain that the interviewee may also try to avoid directly answering you. Let\u2019s examine five strategies the interviewee may use to dodge your questioning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Complaints about procedure:<\/strong> Comments such as, \u201cThis is taking forever!\u201d or \u201cWhy are you even talking to me about this?\u201d can seek to convince you that you\u2019re wasting your time talking to the interviewee and should look elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selective memory or understanding:<\/strong> An interviewee\u2019s claim not to understand a question or remember a past event may signal that they\u2019re feigning ignorance. This may be an attempt to frustrate you or convince you to move on in the conversation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: If the interviewee seems not to understand or remember the event, there may be an explanation other than deception, like a mental health condition affecting the interviewee\u2019s memory. Studies suggest that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression can make people more vulnerable to false memories,<\/a> and false memories can be so convincing that they lead people to confess to crimes they didn\u2019t commit.<\/a> If someone claims not to remember an event, don\u2019t try to convince them that they actually do<\/em> remember.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Too-specific answers <\/strong>only <\/strong>give information related to part <\/em>of your question\u2014deliberately missing its objective. For example, if you ask a potential hire, \u201cWhat\u2019s your experience overcoming project management challenges<\/a>?\u201d and the interviewee says, \u201cI\u2019ve managed successful projects before,\u201d you\u2019re dealing with a too-specific answer. The interviewee may be focusing on the specific detail of his projects\u2019 <\/em>success to hide his poor track record in handling management challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Deciding how to proceed after a too-specific answer can be tricky\u2014recall that the authors advise against repeating questions, as it gives the interviewee time to think. However, it\u2019s possible that repetition is advantageous in some cases: For example, lawyers often repeat questions during cross-examination, not moving on until the interviewee gives a satisfactory answer.<\/a> Your next move depends on your goal: If you\u2019re simply trying to find out whether your interviewee is trying to deceive you, you can note their too-specific answer as a sign and move on. If you need information the interviewee is withholding, it may be more to your advantage to keep pushing for a complete answer.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repeating information: <\/strong>The authors explain that repetition with the intent to deceive can take two different forms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The interviewee claims they’ve already answered your question, so they don’t need to answer again. This may be an attempt to avoid the discomfort of directly lying again.<\/li>
  2. The interviewee repeats your question back to you. For example, they might respond to your question \u201cWhere were you last night?\u201d with \u201cWhere was I last night? Let\u2019s see\u2026\u201d The authors say this may be a strategy to buy time.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Nonanswers:<\/strong> When the interviewee starts his response with phrases unrelated to your question\u2014such as, \u201cFunny you should mention that,\u201d or \u201cGreat question\u201d\u2014he may be buying time to think about his response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Other Reasons for Failure<\/a> or Reluctance to Answer<\/strong>

    The authors focus on detecting deception rather than what to do after you think you\u2019ve detected it. When failure or reluctance to answer leads you to suspect deception, your next steps and how you weigh the reluctance or failure may vary depending on your conversation goals\u2014and the interviewee\u2019s goals.

    Nonanswers, complaints about procedure, and repetition of information may not signal deception if you\u2019re not accusing the interviewee of guilt. The first can signal a desire to change the subject, which could have any number of causes. While the latter two indicate an attempt to buy time, it\u2019s common to     want more time to think<\/a> in situations like a job interview without necessarily intending to deceive.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Verbal Sign 3: Qualifier-Heavy Answers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Qualifier-heavy answers use language that makes a statement of facts sound more<\/em> certain or less<\/em> certain\u2014depending on whether the interviewee\u2019s objective is to emphasize their trustworthiness or keep their assertions vague. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Emphasizing trustworthiness:<\/strong> When the interviewee uses language like \u201cto be honest\u201d and \u201cto tell the truth<\/a>,\u201d they try to make a statement appear more certain. This highlights their credibility and buys time for the interviewee to think.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Shortform note: It\u2019s worth noting that dishonestly isn\u2019t the only reason people bolster their credibility with language like \u201cto be honest.\u201d Research suggests that people often use this language when they\u2019re afraid their answer\u2014regardless of its honesty\u2014won\u2019t satisfy the listener\u2019s expectations.<\/a> Therefore, even an innocent interviewee may use this language when suspected of wrongdoing.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Making vague assertions:<\/strong> Language like \u201cmore or less,\u201d \u201cbasically,\u201d or \u201cby and large\u201d tries to make a statement of fact less certain. This allows the interviewee to exclude important information to create a quasi-truthful response that doesn\u2019t admit guilt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Shortform note: Some people may use vague assertions as a way of building rapport with you rather than to deceive you. Communication experts explain that tentative language\u2014like \u201cmaybe\u201d or \u201cI think\u201d\u2014can signal a desire for connection or collaboration.<\/a> This suggests that it\u2019s important to consider alternative explanations for this type of language.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Verbal Sign 4: Generally Suspicious Responses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Some types of responses are simply \u201csuspicious.\u201d Here, we\u2019ll go over five types of responses the authors find generally suspicious and what each suggests about your interviewee\u2019s intentions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Short denials buried in long explanations:<\/strong> Remember that creating complete fabrications can be psychologically difficult. The authors say that because of this mental barrier, a long <\/em>explanation with only a brief <\/em>denial inside it can signify the interviewee\u2019s discomfort with their denial. To cushion this discomfort, they add information that may have little to do with the denial itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Shortform note: With only five seconds after your question to notice signs of deception, it may be difficult to notice a short denial within<\/em> a longer explanation. Therefore, it might be easier to  watch for a short denial followed<\/em> by a long explanation.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Inconsistent responses<\/strong>, which make a different <\/em>statement of fact from a previous response, suggest the interviewee fabricated at least one of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ambiguous denials<\/strong> are claims of innocence like, \u201cI didn\u2019t do anything wrong!\u201d which don\u2019t directly address your question. The authors explain this often signals a desire to avoid committing to an outright fabrication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Aggressive or condescending responses<\/strong> are often an attempt to scare or annoy you into backing off your line of questioning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Shortform note: Deception may not be the only<\/em> reason behind inconsistent, ambiguous, or aggressive responses. For example, inconsistent responses may stem from the interviewee\u2019s faulty memory<\/a>, or she may give an ambiguous or aggressive response simply because she\u2019s in a bad mood<\/a> or doesn\u2019t enjoy being questioned.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Making oaths:<\/strong> The authors say an interviewee who swears on God may be both trying to look pious and hoping you\u2019ll accept their earnestness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Shortform note: While this focuses on religious oaths, people commonly swear on other important concepts,<\/a> like the lives of their parents or children. These different oath types are similarly weighty: Those who swear on religious figures communicate their willingness to accept divine punishment if they break their oath, while those who swear on a loved one\u2019s life  communicate their willingness to stake that life on their word.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What are the most common verbal signs of deception? What does lying look like? The four verbal signs of deception according to the CIA are inappropriate responses, failure to answer, qualifier-heavy answers, and generally suspicious responses like inconsistency and aggression. Noticing these signs can help you determine if someone is lying in an interview or interrogation. Continue reading for more detail on what these verbal signs of deception look like.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":119967,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,9],"tags":[1353],"class_list":["post-119966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-psychology","tag-spy-the-lie","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nThe 4 Verbal Signs of Deception, According to the CIA - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What are the top four verbal signs of deception? According to the CIA, what mistakes do people make when lying? 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