{"id":112537,"date":"2023-08-28T14:36:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T18:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=112537"},"modified":"2023-09-07T13:45:56","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T17:45:56","slug":"malcolm-x-mecca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/malcolm-x-mecca\/","title":{"rendered":"Malcolm X: Mecca Opened His Eyes to Racial Harmony"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Why did Malcolm X go to Mecca? What did he learn during his time in the Middle East? Why did he change his name a second time?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In his autobiography, Malcolm X explains that he\u2019d heard criticism that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/malcolm-x-and-the-nation-of-islam\/\">Nation of Islam<\/a> wasn&#8217;t truly Islamic. And, because he was still a firm believer in Islam, he decided he needed to learn more about the religion. What he found put him on a new path both religiously and politically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about Malcolm X&#8217;s Mecca experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Malcolm X in Mecca<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For Malcolm X, Mecca became an imperative. All Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they\u2019re able. So, Malcolm X decided to go. Not only would he fulfill an obligation, but he would see for himself what Muslims in the Middle East were like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-nation-of-islam-a-brief-history-198227#:~:text=W.D.%20Fard%2C%20the,the%20entire%20Islamic%20world.%E2%80%9D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Most modern Muslims still don\u2019t accept the Nation of Islam as a truly Islamic organization<\/a> for a few reasons: First, the Nation of Islam\u2019s first leaders, Fard and Muhammad, didn\u2019t seem familiar with the teachings of the Quran (the Islamic holy book). Second, mainstream Islam holds that God is a strictly nonhuman entity\u2014Muhammad, on the other hand, claimed that Fard was God\u2019s human incarnation. Third, during Fard and Muhammad\u2019s tenure, members practiced only three of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/learn\/educators\/curriculum-resources\/art-of-the-islamic-world\/unit-one\/the-five-pillars-of-islam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">five pillars of Islam<\/a>\u2014Islamic practices seen as essential to the religion. One of those pillars is <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/ea35fadcfd914da6a925f24ecc4e71cb#:~:text=WHAT%20IS%20THE,as%20the%20%E2%80%9Chijab.%E2%80%9D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the pilgrimage to Mecca or <em>hajj<\/em><\/a>\u2014adherents believe that the hajj cleanses their sins.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During Malcolm X\u2019s travels, he was continually surprised by how united Muslims in the Middle East were\u2014it seemed that racism didn\u2019t exist there, as people with all complexions and ethnic backgrounds treated each other with respect and dignity. All the pilgrims were spiritually equal, and that was all that mattered as they traveled to Mecca. <strong>This was the first time Malcolm X had experienced racial equality,<\/strong> and it bewildered and excited him to finally be treated as a human being by the general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Although Malcolm X recounts experiencing racial harmony in the Middle East, contemporary scholars are divided as to how extensive anti-Black racism is in the area. Some experts have argued that Islam is uniquely antiracist, since its founding prophet, Muhammad, explicitly stated that no ethnic group was superior to another\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/islams-anti-racist-message-from-the-7th-century-still-resonates-today-141575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">which transformed Arab society<\/a>. However, others argue that the Middle East has <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/uncovering-anti-blackness-in-the-arab-world-162060\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a long history of anti-Black thought<\/a>, dating back to at least medieval times, and that this was fueled in part by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairplanet.org\/dossier\/beyond-slavery\/forgotten-slavery-the-arab-muslim-slave-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the trans-Saharan slave trade, which lasted for over 1,300 years<\/a>.)&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once Malcolm X got to Mecca, he was turned away\u2014an admittance clerk wasn\u2019t convinced he was a real Muslim, so he\u2019d have to prove before a court that he was. In the meantime, he had to remain at the airport. Eventually, he called a friend of a friend\u2014the son of a diplomat named Abd-Al-Rahman Azzam\u2014who quickly had him released to his family\u2019s home. The Azzams\u2019 hospitality deeply touched Malcolm X\u2014he explains that since they were white-complexioned, it caused him to rethink his beliefs about the supposedly inherent evil of white men. When he did go to court, he was declared a true Muslim, so he finally completed his pilgrimage to Mecca, continually wondering at the racial harmony he was finally experiencing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The elder Azzam would become the first Secretary General of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Arab-League\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Arab League<\/a>, which sought to unite Arab nations after it was established in 1945. He was also famous for writing a book, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.meccabooks.com\/150-the-eternal-message-of-muhammad-9780946621484.html#:~:text=Though%20this%20book%2CThe%20Eternal,scholars%20in%20Indonesia%20and%20Turkey.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Eternal Message of Muhammad<\/em><\/a><em>, <\/em>which argued that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1964\/03\/15\/archives\/what-mohammed-said-and-what-he-meant-the-eternal-message-of.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">one of Islam\u2019s purposes was to unite all people<\/a>, regardless of race. His grandson\u2014also named Abdul Rahman Azzam\u2014is a historian who <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qatar.northwestern.edu\/news\/articles\/2022\/2-azzam-malcom-x.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">keeps his grandfather\u2019s relationship with Malcolm X alive<\/a> by discussing the continuing legacy of their battle against colonialism.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Malcolm X says that, before he left Mecca, he wrote a letter to some of his family members, collaborators at the Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), and the media about the impact his pilgrimage had made on his beliefs\u2014signing the letter with a different name, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. He explained that <strong>he now believed the spread of Islam was the only thing that could solve racism in the United States<\/strong> since the bonds of religious fellowship were stronger than racial differences could undermine. He also no longer believed that all white people were evil; instead, he believed that the next generation of white people would play a role in achieving racial unity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: A handwritten copy of Malcolm X\u2019s letter from Mecca was recently discovered in a New York storage locker and <a href=\"https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/market\/malcolm-x-letter-1-million-auction-342407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">put up for auction<\/a>. Experts note that the name he signed at the bottom of the letter was of <a href=\"https:\/\/therevealer.org\/malcolm-x-why-el-hajj-malik-el-shabazz-matters\/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CEl%2DHajj%E2%80%9D%20is%20the%20honorific%20bestowed%20upon%20people%20who%20complete%20the%20Islamic%20pilgrimage.%20%E2%80%9CMalik%20El%2DShabazz%E2%80%9D%20signaled%20both%20his%20embrace%20of%20Sunni%20Islam%20and%20his%20break%20with%20the%20Nation%20of%20Islam%2C%20an%20organization%20to%20which%20he%20had%20dedicated%20twelve%20years%20of%20his%20life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">great significance<\/a>: \u201cEl-Hajj\u201d is an honorable title assigned to those who\u2019ve completed the pilgrimage to Mecca, and \u201cMalik El-Shabazz\u201d signified his conversion to Sunni Islam\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Sunni\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the mainstream branch of the religion<\/a>. He converted because he was inspired by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-islam.org\/al-taqrib\/number-4-winter-2009\/types-unity-quran-and-fundamental-causes-disunity-muhammad-waidh-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Islam\u2019s emphasis on religious unity<\/a>\u2014both the unity of God and the unity of worshippers. Malcolm X may have been right on some levels about Islam\u2019s potential for unifying the races\u2014American Muslims are <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/116260\/muslim-americans-exemplify-diversity-potential.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the most racially diverse religious group<\/a> in the US.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After his pilgrimage was over, he traveled around the Middle East for a while. He discussed the plight of US racism with everyone who would listen\u2014poor people and nobles, people of all colors, who were astonished, sad, and angry to hear about these conditions. He explains that this made him start thinking about <strong>how isolated from the rest of the non-white world Black Americans were\u2014and how powerfully world-changing such international connections might be.<\/strong> This led him to venture to Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Experts note that Malcolm X expressed <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1467-8330.2004.00380.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">explicitly anti-colonial politics<\/a> during this time of his life, as he sought to help his followers understand how the struggles of people of color all over the world were interrelated\u2014and that the sources of their oppression were white imperialists and colonizers. Multicultural unity against colonial power gained steam in the 1960s, as activists championed solidarity between Black and brown people and formed groups like <a href=\"https:\/\/southsideweekly.com\/fifty-years-fred-hampton-rainbow-coalition-young-lords-black-panthers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Rainbow Coalition<\/a>\u2014a Chicago socialist group that united Black, Latino, and white working-class revolutionaries.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why did Malcolm X go to Mecca? What did he learn during his time in the Middle East? Why did he change his name a second time? In his autobiography, Malcolm X explains that he\u2019d heard criticism that the Nation of Islam wasn&#8217;t truly Islamic. And, because he was still a firm believer in Islam, he decided he needed to learn more about the religion. What he found put him on a new path both religiously and politically. Keep reading to learn about Malcolm X&#8217;s Mecca experience.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":112542,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,33,6],"tags":[1257],"class_list":["post-112537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-people","category-spiritual","tag-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Malcolm X: Mecca Opened His Eyes to Racial Harmony - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Malcolm X went to Mecca not only to fulfill an obligation but to see what Muslims in the Middle East were like. 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