{"id":112337,"date":"2023-09-01T12:02:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T16:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=112337"},"modified":"2026-04-06T21:18:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T01:18:47","slug":"ackerman-model-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ackerman-model-2\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Negotiate Using the Ackerman Model: The 4 Steps"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What&#8217;s the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ackerman-model\/\">Ackerman Model<\/a> for negotiating? Why is the Ackerman Model a good alternative to traditional negotiating?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Created by ex-CIA operative Mike Ackerman, this model is based on the offer-counteroffer system. It uses a tapering system that brings the ultimate number (whether it\u2019s the price you\u2019ll be paying or the price you\u2019ll be receiving) closer to your preference.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below, we&#8217;ll explore some of the key steps in the Ackerman Model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-choose-a-target-price\">1) Choose a Target Price<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/never-split-the-difference\/chapter-9#1-choose-a-target-price\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">This first step of the Ackerman Model should be ambitious, but reasonable<\/a>. You don\u2019t want to negotiate with yourself and set your target price too high (if you\u2019re the buyer), but you also don\u2019t want to set it so low that your counterpart would never agree to it. Doing some research beforehand will help you set your goal. William Ury and Roger Fisher (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/getting-to-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Getting to Yes<\/em><\/a>) similarly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/getting-to-yes\/part-1#bargaining-from-positions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">caution against starting with an unreasonable position, as it can set off a struggle of wills with each side trying to force its position on the other. <\/a>This leads to mounting anger and resentment\u2014and if the bad feelings linger, it can become hard to reach a deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-offer-65-of-your-target-price\">2) Offer 65% of Your Target Price<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/never-split-the-difference\/chapter-9#2-offer-65-of-your-target-price\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if you\u2019re aiming to pay $100,000, your opening bid should be $65,000<\/a>. This is a starting bid designed to catch your counterpart off guard. Voss writes that an extreme starting bid like this can also trigger your <em>own <\/em>sense of loss aversion in a constructive way. By starting with a low offer, you\u2019ll start thinking of anything higher than that as a \u201closs,\u201d which you\u2019ll work hard to avoid. In reality of course, you\u2019re still well below your target price at this point, so even if you move off your opening bid it\u2019s still a \u201cwin\u201d for you.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Ury and Fisher (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/getting-to-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Getting to Yes<\/em><\/a>) warn that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/getting-to-yes\/part-1#bargaining-from-positions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this sort of \u201cpositional bargaining\u201d can compel negotiators to become rigid in their positions<\/a> to the point where they can\u2019t accept <em>any <\/em>offer if it doesn\u2019t meet their original position\u2014even if that offer is better than no deal at all. The harder you try to convince the other side of the rightness of your position, and the more you defend it against attack, the more strongly committed to it you become. You feel compelled to maintain consistency with your past positions and to save face by not giving in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-plan-your-counteroffers\">3) Plan Your Counteroffers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/never-split-the-difference\/chapter-9#4-plan-your-counteroffers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">When planning your counteroffers, <strong>use three increases\u2014but each time, <em>reduce <\/em>the size of the increase.<\/strong><\/a> For example, Chris Voss recommends countering at first with a number that\u2019s 85% of your target price (a 20 percentage-point jump). Then, you increase it to 95% of your target price (only a 10 percentage-point jump this time). If they\u2019re <em>still <\/em>not accepting this, then finally you meet them at your full target price (which by this point is a modest 5 percentage-point jump).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of this activates your counterpart\u2019s emotional instinct to be fair, reasonable, and reciprocal. Most people, writes Voss, are naturally inclined to match what they see as generosity toward themselves with generosity of their own toward others\u2014indeed, most people don\u2019t want to feel like they\u2019re freeloaders. So when they see you making what <em>appear <\/em>to be concessions (even though you\u2019re only really going up to your actual target price), they\u2019ll be more likely to want to match that \u201cgenerosity\u201d with generosity of their own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deepak Malhotra and Max Bazerman (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/negotiation-genius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Negotiation Genius<\/em><\/a>) write that you can also respond by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/negotiation-genius#decide-whether-to-make-the-first-offer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">making an aggressive counteroffer and then suggesting both sides moderate their offers<\/a>. You can then take control of the conversation by explaining why you made your counteroffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of this tactic might look something like this: You&#8217;re negotiating a salary for a new job. The initial offer is $100,000 per year, but you believe this to be below-market. You might make an aggressive counteroffer by asking for $130,000, arguing that the market rate for the position and your unique skills, experience, and proven track record merit this. But you then concede that this number is much higher than their initial offer and may be beyond what their budget can support.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Having acknowledged this, you then signal a willingness to find a middle ground, telling the employer that you really want the job and are committed to reaching a number that you\u2019re both happy with. You suggest that you both abandon your \u201cextreme\u201d positions and reach a number that makes sense for both parties. You ask for $110,000 and gauge how they react to your concession. Thus, you begin with an aggressive counteroffer to assert your value, but you also recognize the need for flexibility and demonstrate understanding and empathy for the employer&#8217;s perspective.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-signal-when-you-ve-reached-your-limit-nbsp\">4) Signal When You\u2019ve Reached Your Limit&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Voss recommends <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/never-split-the-difference\/chapter-9#6-throw-in-a-non-monetary-item\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>including a non-monetary item along with your final offer to signal that you\u2019re truly at your limit.<\/strong><\/a> For example, after you\u2019ve made your final offer in a salary negotiation, you might signal that this is your final offer by shifting the discussion to other elements of the job, like your title, flexible work schedule, and office location. By pivoting to something other than money, you\u2019re sending a message to your counterpart that the monetary portion of the negotiation is over, and you\u2019re ready to move on to other items.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/negotiation-genius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Negotiation Genius<\/em><\/a>, Malhotra and Bazerman write that it\u2019s important to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/negotiation-genius#make-and-invite-fair-concessions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">keep an eye out for the concessions your counterpart is making during the negotiation<\/a>. When her concessions progressively get smaller, it may mean that you\u2019re approaching her RV\u2014her worst possible deal, the minimum she\u2019d be willing to accept. At this point, she\u2019s probably less flexible about how much she can concede. However, Malhotra and Bazerman warn that your counterpart may also use this as a tactic to confuse you about her <em>real <\/em>limits\u2014deceiving you into thinking she can\u2019t make any more concessions, when in fact she can.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What&#8217;s the Ackerman Model for negotiating? Why is the Ackerman Model a good alternative to traditional negotiating? Created by ex-CIA operative Mike Ackerman, this model is based on the offer-counteroffer system. It uses a tapering system that brings the ultimate number (whether it\u2019s the price you\u2019ll be paying or the price you\u2019ll be receiving) closer to your preference.&nbsp; Below, we&#8217;ll explore some of the key steps in the Ackerman Model.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":1566,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,103],"tags":[1256],"class_list":["post-112337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-sales","tag-the-master-guides-negotiation","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Negotiate Using the Ackerman Model: The 4 Steps - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Negotiating numbers can be a tricky business. With the Ackerman Model, it doesn&#039;t have to be. Check out the key steps of this model.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ackerman-model-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Negotiate Using the Ackerman Model: The 4 Steps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Negotiating numbers can be a tricky business. With the Ackerman Model, it doesn&#039;t have to be. 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