{"id":111249,"date":"2023-08-22T21:24:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T01:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=111249"},"modified":"2023-08-23T15:24:30","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T19:24:30","slug":"history-of-electromagnetic-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-electromagnetic-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"The History of Electromagnetic Theory: A Step Toward Unification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

How did James Clerk Maxwell build upon the work of Michael Faraday? How do astronomers today benefit from scientific work done in the middle of the 19th century?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the birth of classical physics, the greatest advancements in knowledge have come from bringing together different fields of study. Even the early steps in physics\u2014such as an unexpected unity among electricity, magnetism, and light\u2014united what were thought at the time to be wildly different areas of study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku discusses the history of electromagnetic theory in his book The God Equation<\/em>. Take a look.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Electromagnetism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kaku explains how the history of electromagnetic theory is part of the larger story of the search for a unified theory<\/a>. We\u2019ve been aware of both electricity and magnetism for thousands of years. But, it wasn\u2019t until 1831 that scientific experimentalist Michael Faraday<\/a> discovered that electricity can be used to create magnets and vice versa. In other words, Faraday showed that electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin.<\/strong> Kaku writes that, in describing his experiments, Faraday originated the concept of \u201cfields\u201d\u2014in his case, electromagnetic <\/em>fields\u2014as a region of space in which forces and objects interact. The concept of fields would become a great unifier of disparate ideas within the realm of physics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: In physics, the definition of a \u201cfield\u201d can include more than just forces. More broadly, a field is a region of space in which every point has a property equated with a numerical value<\/a>. For instance, if you\u2019re walking outside in the cold and pass through an area of warmth around a bakery, you\u2019ve walked through a \u201cfield\u201d of higher temperature in which each particle of air has a higher energy value. While fields such as gravity and electricity are associated with a point of origin, such as a mass or a charged particle, other fields such as the temperature example do not require a single source of creation, since the bakery constitutes a general heat-producing region with no single point source of origin.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since Faraday wasn\u2019t a mathematician, the most powerful revelation from his studies didn\u2019t come until 1861, when James Clerk Maxwell<\/a> expressed the relationship between electricity and magnetism in mathematical form. When he did, Maxwell\u2019s equations revealed that the back-and-forth between electrical and magnetic fields, in which one creates the other and vice versa, propagates at a constant speed\u2014the speed of light! Out of the blue, Maxwell had discovered that light is a wave in the electromagnetic field.<\/strong> Not only that, but his equations predicted frequencies of light beyond what we can see\u2014the entire invisible electromagnetic spectrum that astronomers now use to explore the depths of space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: In Astrophysics for People in a Hurry<\/em><\/a>, Neil deGrasse Tyson explores the ramifications of using the electromagnetic spectrum\u2019s full range of frequencies<\/a> to make observations about the universe. Infrared light shows stars being born, while radio waves reveal stars that have died. X-rays help us pinpoint black holes, the objects with the most extreme gravity in the universe, while microwaves let us detect the lingering glow of the universe\u2019s birth<\/a>. Black holes and the microwaves from the early universe both play important roles in the search for a unified theory of physics.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experiment and Theory<\/strong>

Faraday and Maxwell exemplify two different approaches to uncovering the laws of nature in the sciences\u2014those of experimentalists <\/em>and theorists<\/em>. An experimentalist<\/a> is someone who conducts practical tests to explore the nature of the physical world, whereas a theorist<\/a> adopts an intellectual, contemplative approach to determine the underlying rules of a system.

In physics, the relationship between theorists and experimentalists<\/a> is crucial to scientific progress<\/a>. Often, a theorist will develop a hypothesis that an experimentalist will test to confirm or deny if it\u2019s valid. In the case of Maxwell and Faraday, the experimental observations came first, followed later by Maxwell\u2019s theoretical explanation. Kaku is a theorist<\/a>, and some of his theories have yet to meet with experimental confirmation.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How did James Clerk Maxwell build upon the work of Michael Faraday? How do astronomers today benefit from scientific work done in the middle of the 19th century? Since the birth of classical physics, the greatest advancements in knowledge have come from bringing together different fields of study. Even the early steps in physics\u2014such as an unexpected unity among electricity, magnetism, and light\u2014united what were thought at the time to be wildly different areas of study. Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku discusses the history of electromagnetic theory in his book The God Equation. Take a look.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":111262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[1244],"class_list":["post-111249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-the-god-equation","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nThe History of Electromagnetic Theory: A Step Toward Unification - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the 19th century, an unexpected unity among electricity, magnetism, and light was found. 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