{"id":107277,"date":"2023-07-02T13:06:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-02T17:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=107277"},"modified":"2023-07-05T14:15:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T18:15:49","slug":"sam-harris-mindfulness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/sam-harris-mindfulness\/","title":{"rendered":"Sam Harris: Mindfulness &#038; Meditation Without Religion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Do you practice mindfulness and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/eckhart-tolle-meditation-mindfulness\/\">meditation<\/a>? Can it be done outside of the context of religion?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Sam Harris, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/meditation-and-mindfulness\/\">mindfulness and meditation<\/a> are the way to contentment. In his book <em>Waking Up<\/em>, he starts from a simple foundation\u2014everybody just wants to be happy. While many people look to religion to find happiness, Harris says that you don&#8217;t need to go there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on to understand Harris&#8217;s secular take on mindfulness and meditation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sam Harris on Mindfulness &amp; Meditation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, on the \u201chedonic treadmill\u201d of our materialistic culture, peace and contentment are always somewhere in the future while you try to run away from the pain in your past. Spiritual endeavors, such as prayer and contemplation, are an attempt to break yourself out of this cycle, bringing your awareness into the here and now. This is the practice of <em>mindfulness<\/em>\u2014the deliberate choice to focus your awareness on the present moment and experience it without judgment. <strong>Happiness and tranquility can be found <strong>only<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>in the present<\/strong> because the present moment is all you can actually experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Sam Harris, mindfulness (in the form of meditation) teaches three simple truths:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Your thoughts shape your subjective experience.<\/li><li>Positive emotions are skills you can train.<\/li><li>Your \u201csense of self\u201d is an illusion.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: While many writers, including Harris, conflate the practices of mindfulness and meditation, by some definitions they\u2019re two different things. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/hyperfocus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Hyperfocus<\/em><\/a>, Chris Bailey argues that <em>mindfulness <\/em>means being aware of everything going on around and inside you, whereas <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/hyperfocus\/chapter-5-1#understanding-meditation-and-mindfulness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>meditation <\/em>entails narrowing your attention to one thing<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-power-of-positive-thinking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Power of Positive Thinking<\/em><\/a>, Norman Vincent Peale describes the act of prayer in a similar way\u2014as <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-power-of-positive-thinking\/part-3-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a method to focus your spiritual energy<\/a> on one particular problem or need. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/mindfulness-in-plain-english\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Mindfulness in Plain English<\/em><\/a>, Bhante Gunaratana resolves the mindfulness\/meditation dichotomy by explaining that mindfulness should be your ultimate aim, while <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/mindfulness-in-plain-english\/chapter-15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">meditation is the practice for achieving that goal<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-meditation-and-the-mind\">Meditation and the Mind<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Since current scientific methodology is insufficient to fully explore the nature of the mind, Harris turns to meditative introspection to investigate the properties of consciousness, identity, and selfhood, as well as what it means to transcend them. Harris describes the fundamentally subjective nature of consciousness, how it can be explored on a personal level, and why consciousness and individual selfhood are two separate aspects of the mind, with the latter being more illusory than you think.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this context, <strong><em>consciousness <\/em><\/strong><strong>is your subjective awareness of your existence and that of the world around you.<\/strong> The limiting factor in examining consciousness is that nothing but<em> <\/em>consciousness can observe it, and only from a first-person point of view. You can examine your own conscious mind, but you can\u2019t directly observe the minds of others, and no one else can directly observe yours. This has led some thinkers to suggest that consciousness itself is an illusion, but Harris says that argument is silly. If consciousness is an illusion, then <em>the experience of that illusion<\/em> is proof that consciousness is real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Several other writers define consciousness differently than Harris, though still in terms of subjective experience. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/homo-deus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Homo Deus<\/em><\/a>, Yuval Noah Harari lists <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/homo-deus\/chapter-3#the-human-consciousness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>desire <\/em>as one of consciousness\u2019 defining characteristics<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/flow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Flow<\/em><\/a>, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi discusses consciousness purely in terms of <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/flow\/1-page-summary#how-consciousness-works\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">attention and intention<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-untethered-soul\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Untethered Soul<\/em><\/a>, Michael A. Singer takes a stance diametrically opposed to Harris\u2019s, insisting that <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-untethered-soul\/chapter-2#how-to-answer-the-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the self is the only real identity<\/a>, and consciousness is merely the window through which the self can experience life.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s through spirituality, which Harris defines as deep contemplation of your conscious mind, that you can truly learn about yourself. While psychology has demonstrated the underlying power of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-unconscious-mind\/\">unconscious mind<\/a>, <strong>it\u2019s in your conscious awareness that you subjectively experience life, the universe, and everything in it.<\/strong> Consciousness is where you feel pain and pleasure, as well as where you make moral judgments. For example, consider the widely held conviction that it\u2019s wrong to inflict pain on another being. That conviction stems from a person\u2019s subjective experience of pain and a conscious understanding that other people and creatures are capable of the same subjective experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Not everyone agrees with Harris that so-called \u201cmoral behavior\u201d is a product of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-subconscious\/\">the conscious mind<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-selfish-gene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Selfish Gene<\/em><\/a>, Richard Dawkins proposes that behaviors that might be viewed as altruistic are in fact <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-selfish-gene\/1-page-summary#altruistic-and-selfish-behaviors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biological adaptations that promote the health and survival of a group<\/a> so that their shared genetic makeup can propagate into the future. If this view is correct, then the moral judgments that Harris refers to might be no more than our conscious rationalization of behaviors whose <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-selfish-gene\/chapter-10-11#reciprocal-altruism-in-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">true motives are unconscious drives<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Too often, such moral judgments are seen as the purview of religion, yet even religious practices can shed light on the nature of consciousness. For instance, consider monastic traditions that seek inner peace through contemplation and self-isolation. Harris suggests that, while these monks are attempting to commune with the divine, they\u2019re also conducting a philosophical experiment to determine if psychological health can exist outside the struggle for self-gratification that defines the normal, everyday world. Over the centuries, these experiments have yielded many positive results, including transcendental states of mind, especially when meditative practitioners have learned to silence their own inner monologues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Though Harris presents an image of monks as silent, meditating hermits, the reality behind the stereotype is that <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.apaonline.org\/2018\/07\/24\/living-for-others-what-monasticism-can-tell-us-about-ourselves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">monasteries are active communities<\/a> in which every member must work and contribute. While life in a monastery or convent is certainly less driven by materialism than in the world at large, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/1843\/2021\/07\/14\/hell-is-other-people-a-monks-guide-to-office-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">living in close quarters with many other people<\/a> requires the same level of interpersonal finesse as working every day in a corporate office. Despite that, the monastic example demonstrates that contentment can be found by <a href=\"https:\/\/leowid.com\/10-life-lessons-i-learned-from-living-with-buddhist-monks-nuns-for-a-year\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">slowing down, being mindful of your feelings, and letting go of old patterns of behavior<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-separating-consciousness-from-selfhood\">Separating Consciousness From Selfhood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The crux of Harris\u2019s argument in favor of a \u201csecular spirituality\u201d is that <strong>a meditative practice can help you find tranquility by experiencing moments of pure, unfiltered consciousness.<\/strong> This happens when you experience <em>consciousness without thought<\/em>, when you let your inner voice\u2014as well as the constant churn of emotions that your thoughts inevitably trigger\u2014slide away. Harris says that if you can experience awareness unburdened by your constant internal chatter, you\u2019ll realize that your consciousness is independent of any feelings of personal identity and selfhood, and that your sense of identity is merely an illusion. This is a counterintuitive concept, so some definitions are in order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When Harris says the \u201cself\u201d is an illusion, what exactly does he mean? The selfhood he\u2019s referring to is <strong>the feeling that you\u2019re an incorporeal being sitting inside your head, looking out through your eyes, and steering your body like a vehicle.<\/strong> Harris asserts that this particular feeling is a product of what he calls \u201cpsychological continuity,\u201d the constant creation and narration of memories about your physical and cognitive experiences from one moment to the next. This moment-to-moment continuity creates the illusion that the \u201cyou\u201d inside your head is the same \u201cyou\u201d you were yesterday or will be tomorrow. But is that really the case? Are \u201cyou\u201d the same person \u201cyou\u201d were five years ago, or when \u201cyou\u201d were a child?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, when meditation interrupts your mental chatter, you experience awareness unclouded by the internal narrative that normally defines your sense of identity. You realize that from a subjective point of view, all that can really be said to exist is your present awareness and the thoughts it contains. Harris isn\u2019t arguing that you don\u2019t exist or that you haven\u2019t experienced the things you remember. What he\u2019s saying is that your sense of selfhood is a construct of your memories and thoughts, and that it covers up a deeper reality\u2014that <strong>all you really have is your conscious awareness,<\/strong> which isn\u2019t defined by the thoughts, feelings, and memories that routinely impinge upon it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Path of Mindfulness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To quote Hamlet, \u201cThere is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.\u201d Taking control of the chatter in your mind requires accepting that your response to any situation\u2014whether it\u2019s suffering, elation, or indifference\u2014is entirely the product of your thoughts. <strong>Mindfulness lets you choose your responses consciously instead of giving in to habitual reactions,<\/strong> such as anger or resentment. Harris cautions that he\u2019s not recommending you detach from reality; he\u2019s just stating that you don\u2019t have to let the outside world dictate your emotional responses.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: This is another point on which Harris\u2019s writing overlaps with the Stoics. As described by Derren Brown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/happy\/1-page-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Happy<\/em><\/a>, the tenet behind the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/stoic-way-of-life\/\">Stoic way of life<\/a> is that of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/happy\/1-page-summary#take-responsibility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">taking responsibility for your thoughts and feelings<\/a>. For Stoics, this is practical advice for achieving contentment rather than a path to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/who-were-the-transcendentalists\/\">transcendentalism<\/a>. Nevertheless, just like Harris, the Stoics don\u2019t advocate detachment from the world, merely detachment from thoughtless reactions. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-daily-stoic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Daily Stoic<\/em><\/a>, Ryan Holiday and Stephen Hanselman affirm the Stoics\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-daily-stoic#responding-to-life-with-em-justice-em-and-em-courage-em\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">engagement with worldly issues<\/a>\u2014they simply <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-practice-detachment\/\">practice detachment<\/a> from the <em>outcome <\/em>of their efforts.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Harris also warns that a fully contemplative approach to life requires a certain intellectual maturity, though mindfulness practices have benefits for people of all ages, such as teaching <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/emotional-self-awareness\/\">emotional self-awareness<\/a>. There are certain psychological and physical conditions that meditation practices could actually make worse. If you suffer from one of those, Harris recommends consulting a physician before launching yourself on a meditative journey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Harris doesn\u2019t elaborate on the specific reasons why someone shouldn\u2019t meditate, but like any other mind-altering practice, it comes with a certain degree of risk. For instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wildmind.org\/applied\/depression\/when-not-to-meditate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">people suffering from severe depression<\/a> may find that meditation exacerbates their symptoms, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com\/is-mindfulness-safe-for-trauma-survivors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">some trauma survivors have reported having flashbacks<\/a> while attempting to focus during <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/meditation-practice\/\">meditation practice<\/a>. If inward-looking meditation might be distressing or dangerous, an alternative is to find <a href=\"https:\/\/www.othership.us\/resources\/alternatives-to-meditation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mindfulness practices that focus your attention outward<\/a>, such as hiking, gardening, or artistic creation.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you decide to pursue meditation, Harris says it\u2019s important to find a good teacher, someone who can model the calm and sense of presence you\u2019re trying to achieve on your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/path-to-enlightenment\/\">path to enlightenment<\/a>. However, be wary. The teacher-student relationship is ripe for exploitation, and the role of spiritual guru is especially attractive to frauds. Even teachers who offer good meditative guidance will sometimes make spurious claims about science or medicine as it relates to their field. As in all things, it\u2019s good to maintain a certain level of skepticism, especially if you feel you\u2019re being conned or abused by someone who claims to be a spiritual master.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Telling the difference between an authentic spiritual teacher and a fraud can be tricky. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-confidence-game\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Confidence Game<\/em><\/a>, psychologist Maria Konnikova explains that frauds don\u2019t just lie about themselves, but they also exploit your confidence in your personal narrative. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-confidence-game#the-elements-of-a-confidence-game-and-why-they-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A skilled con artist<\/a> identifies your unspoken desires, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-confidence-game#step-2-gain-the-marks-trust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mirrors your values and personal experience<\/a> to gain your trust, then <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-confidence-game#step-3-persuade-the-mark-to-do-something\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">uses that leverage<\/a> as a means to convince you to do what the con artist wants. According to Konnikova, those who\u2019ve fallen victim to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/money\/scams-fraud\/info-2021\/scammers-pose-as-religious-leaders.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">religious frauds<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/07\/12\/what-makes-a-cult-a-cult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cults<\/a> often have strong feelings of denial that they\u2019ve been conned at all.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Choosing a Meditation Practice<\/strong><br><br>Finding the most <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-meditate-effectively\/\">effective meditation<\/a> routine for your personal journey can be daunting, given the vast amount of writing on the subject. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-guides-choosing-a-meditation-practice\/1-page-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Shortform\u2019s Master Guide to Choosing a Meditation Practice<\/a> can help with a general overview of the field, covering the four major variations:<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-guides-choosing-a-meditation-practice\/1-page-summary#buddhist-meditation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Buddhist meditation<\/a> focuses mainly on mindfulness, managing strong emotions, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/love-and-compassion\/\">practicing compassion<\/a>. Its aim is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/finding-happiness-in-everyday-life\/\">finding happiness<\/a> through self-improvement rather than seeking a connection with the divine.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-guides-choosing-a-meditation-practice\/1-page-summary#hindu-meditation-and-yoga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hindu meditation, also known as yoga,<\/a> is directed at achieving a union with the divine, though with its focus on posture, breath, and concentration, it\u2019s been known to offer benefits to physical health.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-guides-choosing-a-meditation-practice\/1-page-summary#christian-meditation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Christian meditation, equated with prayer,<\/a> is envisioned as a way to communicate with God, and it can result in a greater sense of well-being and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/finding-your-purpose\/\">purpose in life<\/a>.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-master-guides-choosing-a-meditation-practice\/1-page-summary#western-meditation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Western meditation,<\/a> while harder to define than older traditions, generally focuses on self-improvement through achieving goals and manifesting the life that you want.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Meditation Journey<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, meditation is a skill that must be practiced. When you first learn to meditate, you may feel an initial thrill of success. However, as you practice, you may feel more and more distracted during meditation. Harris writes that this is a natural step along the way, and though it feels like you may be getting worse at meditating, it actually means you\u2019re getting better. If you start to feel distracted while meditating, it means <strong>you\u2019re getting better at noticing your thoughts<\/strong>\u2014in other words, you\u2019re on the right track. True enlightenment may still be very far away, but you\u2019ll find that the process of getting there makes your mind incrementally healthier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eventually, during meditation, you may notice your consciousness as it exists <em>between <\/em>one thought and the next. When this happens, you can finally understand that you are not your thoughts. Instead, you are the conscious awareness that your transitory thoughts pass through. It\u2019s as if your awareness is a movie screen, and your thoughts are the images projected on it. No matter what those images are, they can\u2019t harm the screen itself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is spiritual enlightenment at its core\u2014that <strong>consciousness without thought is your true, underlying experience.<\/strong> Harris doubts that anyone can live in this state of awareness all the time, but he does believe that through practice you can glimpse it. Doing so can free you from the suffering triggered by the thoughts projected on the blank screen of your mind. How can you suffer when the \u201cself\u201d that is suffering is just an illusion, a \u201cmovie special effect\u201d of the brain?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do you practice mindfulness and meditation? Can it be done outside of the context of religion? According to Sam Harris, mindfulness and meditation are the way to contentment. In his book Waking Up, he starts from a simple foundation\u2014everybody just wants to be happy. While many people look to religion to find happiness, Harris says that you don&#8217;t need to go there. Read on to understand Harris&#8217;s secular take on mindfulness and meditation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":61766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,160,6],"tags":[1090],"class_list":["post-107277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-science","category-spiritual","tag-waking-up","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Sam Harris: Mindfulness &amp; Meditation Without Religion - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sam Harris says that mindfulness\u2014as meditation\u2014teaches simple truths and leads to peace. Discover why he thinks religion needn&#039;t be involved.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/sam-harris-mindfulness\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sam Harris: Mindfulness &amp; Meditation Without Religion\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sam Harris says that mindfulness\u2014as meditation\u2014teaches simple truths and leads to peace. 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