{"id":104775,"date":"2023-06-04T15:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-04T19:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=104775"},"modified":"2023-06-08T15:46:09","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T19:46:09","slug":"what-was-the-human-genome-project","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-was-the-human-genome-project\/","title":{"rendered":"What Was the Human Genome Project? Outcomes &#038; Implications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What was the Human Genome Project (HGP)? What are the future implications of the HGP?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Human Genome Project, the largest genetic study ever undertaken, was an ambitious attempt to fully sequence human DNA. In the 20 years since the project\u2019s completion, its accomplishments have reached well beyond the field of genetics, including information technology and medical ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the Human Genome Project, the outcomes, and the future of the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-human-genome-project\">The Human Genome Project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What was<strong> <\/strong>the Human Genome Project (HGP)?<strong> The HGP was the largest genetic study ever undertaken, and was an attempt to fully sequence the human genome<\/strong>: the genetic information encoded in our DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The HGP was a 13-year collaboration (1990-2003) among <a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/educational-resources\/fact-sheets\/human-genome-project#:~:text=Who%20carried%20out%20the%20Human%20Genome%20Project%3F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thousands of scientists<\/a> from all over the world, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Energy. On April 14, 2003, the HGP produced a genome sequence that accounted for over 90% of the human genome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-goals-of-the-human-genome-project\"><strong>Goals of the Human Genome Project<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ve said that the HGP\u2019s goal was to sequence the human genome, but what does that really mean?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genetic information is encoded in DNA, which is made up of four different molecules called <em>bases<\/em>. Those four bases are always found in pairs called (appropriately enough) <em>base pairs<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/nigms.nih.gov\/education\/Inside-Life-Science\/Pages\/Genetics-by-the-Numbers.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The human genome<\/a> contains<strong> roughly 3.2 billion base pairs, arranged into about 20,000 genes, <\/strong>and the HGP\u2019s stated goal was to identify and record all of them.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-benefits-of-the-human-genome-project\"><strong>Benefits of the Human Genome Project<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As expected, the HGP produced significant advancements in gene sequencing techniques and technology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most notably, HGP researchers improved upon a technique called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/ap-biology\/gene-expression-and-regulation\/biotechnology\/a\/dna-sequencing#:~:text=large%2Dscale%20sequencing.-,Sanger%20sequencing%3A,-The%20chain%20termination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sanger sequencing<\/a> to make it more efficient and able to handle longer strands of DNA. Although Sanger sequencing is no longer used for whole genome sequencing, it\u2019s still the best method for analyzing relatively small pieces of DNA. \u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The HGP also drove improvements in information technology, because researchers needed better computers in order to analyze and record the enormous amounts of data they were producing.\u00a0<\/li><li>Although the HGP cost the federal government billions of dollars, an independent study estimated that each dollar invested created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/27549135\/nov-2011-human-genome-project-produces-many-benefits#:~:text=for%20every%20%241%20invested%20by%20the%20federal%20government%2C%20the%20Human%20Genome%20Project%27s%20impact%20has%20resulted%20in%20the%20return%20of%20%24141%20to%20the%20U.S.%20economy.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">economic returns of $141<\/a>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>The project also helped advance policies for openly sharing scientific data<\/strong>. The draft human genome sequence was made publicly available, setting a precedent for making medical research information freely available both to other researchers and to the public.<\/li><li>Finally, <strong>the HGP drove discussion about ethics in biomedical research<\/strong>. For example, what can a patient\u2019s genetic information be used for? What impacts will genetic research have on minority groups? Questions like these led to the establishment of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues <a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/Funded-Programs-Projects\/ELSI-Research-Program-ethical-legal-social-implications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(ELSI) Research Program<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-future-implications-of-the-human-genome-project\"><strong>Future Implications of the Human Genome Project<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists and doctors have continued the work that the HGP began. Today, sequencing a human genome\u2014using what\u2019s called next-gen sequencing\u2014takes <a href=\"https:\/\/gizmodo.com\/human-genome-project-20th-anniversary-dna-health-1850322521#:~:text=(more%20often%2C%20though%2C%20it%20takes%20weeks)%2C%20and%20this%20past%20fall%2C%20the%20company%20Illumina%20unveiled%20a%20machine%20that%20it%20claims%20will%20cost%20as%20little%20as%20%24200%20per%20sequence%2C%20down%20from%20the%20recently%20typical%20%24600%20cost.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mere weeks and costs about $600<\/a>, instead of taking years and costing billions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Genome sequencing has enormous value as a diagnostic tool<\/strong>. There are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-gene\/1-page-summary#gene-sequencing-in-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thousands of gene variants<\/a> that cause or contribute to diseases; with fast, cheap, and accurate whole genome sequencing, doctors could find those genetic risk factors before any symptoms arise (or even before the person is born).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, some scientists envision even greater impacts, like medical treatments and lifestyle recommendations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/lifespan\/1-page-summary#protecting-health-with-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">tailored to a person\u2019s individual genetics<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, with the HGP providing a template for the human genome, doctors hope to someday understand the genetic changes (mutations) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-emperor-of-all-maladies\/1-page-summary#1950-2010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">that lead to cancer<\/a> and develop more effective cancer treatments targeting those specific mutations. Geneticists have compiled their findings into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/ccg\/research\/genome-sequencing\/tcga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cancer Genome Atlas<\/a>, a <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.gdc.cancer.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">publicly available database<\/a> of the genomes found in thousands of different types of cancer.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-next-steps-in-genetics\"><strong>Next Steps in Genetics<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite having the vast majority of the human genome sequenced and identified, there are still many things that scientists don\u2019t know about how those genes actually work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aside from unanswered questions, there\u2019s also a great deal of talk about what scientists can (or should) <em>do <\/em>with their knowledge of the human genome. We\u2019ve already discussed personalized medical treatments and lifestyles based on genetics, but what about changing the genes themselves; in other words, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/are-we-still-evolving\/\">genetic engineering<\/a>?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gene therapy\u2014fixing damaged or mutated genes using genetic engineering\u2014is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-gene\/1-page-summary#part-6-genetic-engineering-the-future-of-genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a promising field of study<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/treatment-of-genetic-disorders\/\">curing genetic diseases<\/a> like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the HGP was an enormous step forward for our understanding of the human genome, and the field of genetics as a whole, there are many problems\u2014academic, practical, and ethical\u2014that scientists have yet to solve. Finding the answers to those questions will most likely drive the field of genetics for the foreseeable future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What was the Human Genome Project (HGP)? What are the future implications of the HGP? The Human Genome Project, the largest genetic study ever undertaken, was an ambitious attempt to fully sequence human DNA. In the 20 years since the project\u2019s completion, its accomplishments have reached well beyond the field of genetics, including information technology and medical ethics. Keep reading to learn about the Human Genome Project, the outcomes, and the future of the project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,160],"tags":[727],"class_list":["post-104775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-science","tag-articles","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Was the Human Genome Project? Outcomes &amp; Implications - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Human Genome Project was the largest genetic study ever undertaken. 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