{"id":103950,"date":"2023-05-29T15:55:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-29T19:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=103950"},"modified":"2023-06-06T11:45:48","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T15:45:48","slug":"developmental-psychology-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Developmental Psychology: History, Stages, and Figures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the history of developmental psychology? How do children&#8217;s minds grow into those of adults?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How humans grow from children to adults was actually widely misunderstood until the 1930s. It wasn&#8217;t until Jean Piaget came along that people finally began to understand how cognitive processes change over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Find out more about these changes with the help of <em>The Psychology Book<\/em>&#8216;s description of developmental psychology history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-developmental-psychology-the-mind-from-infancy-to-adulthood\"><strong>Developmental Psychology: The Mind From Infancy to Adulthood<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors explain that prior to the 1930s, the general belief was that children are just miniature versions of adults and that the main psychological difference between children and adults was a lack of knowledge due to age. This belief was challenged by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, who argued that <strong>children\u2019s cognitive processes are different from those of adults<\/strong>. This led to the field of developmental psychology, or the study of how the brain changes over the course of a lifetime, including the forming of attachments, learning, and developmental disorders, among other things. We\u2019ll discuss some of the most influential concepts and figures below to understand developmental psychology history.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Because the historical view of children was that they were miniature adults, the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.iadb.org\/desarrollo-infantil\/en\/children-history\/#:~:text=It%20was%20only%20sometime%20between,writes%20%E2%80%9Cmini%20adults%E2%80%9D).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">concept of childhood wasn\u2019t established<\/a> in Western society until around the 1600s. Before that, children as young as seven were treated as small adults, with the accompanying expectations for labor. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/child-marriage-rationale-historical-views-and-consequences.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marriage and reproduction before the age of 18 were also the norm<\/a>, particularly for girls. The emergence of developmental psychology helped distinguish children from adults, and some say this distinction has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicrd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/Development_theory_and_the_politics_of_child_rights_Daiute_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">led to greater protections of children\u2019s rights and safety<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Piaget: The Father of Developmental Psychology<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Piaget theorized that <strong>children pass through stages of cognitive development<\/strong>, using their senses and natural curiosity to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/advice-on-learning-through-trial-and-error\/\">learn through trial and error<\/a>. The four stages he identified were:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1) The sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2).<\/strong> Children use their senses and physical actions to learn about their environment, and they\u2019re unable to understand perspectives other than their own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2) The pre-operational stage (ages 2-7).<\/strong> Children begin to understand things like symbols and language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3) The concrete operational stage.<\/strong> Children gain the ability to think logically about physical objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4) The formal operational stage.<\/strong> Children learn to conceptualize ideas and can reason about abstract concepts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The authors don\u2019t give an age range for Piaget\u2019s third and fourth stages, but <a href=\"https:\/\/positivepsychology.com\/piaget-stages-theory\/#:~:text=Sensorimotor%20stage%20(0%E2%80%932%20years,11%20years%20old%20through%20adulthood)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">according to other sources<\/a>, the concrete operational stage ranges from 7 to 11 years old and the formal operational stage ranges from 11 years old through adulthood.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Piaget\u2019s theories shifted the focus of the education system from adult-centered (trying to teach children to be adults) to child-centered (meeting children at their level of development and encouraging individuality, creativity, and exploration).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Criticisms and Misinterpretations of Piaget\u2019s Theory<\/strong><br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1274368.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Some have criticized Piaget\u2019s theories<\/a> for overestimating the abilities of adolescent children and underestimating the abilities of infants and for Piaget\u2019s potential bias in studying his own children as subjects. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/support-and-criticism-of-piagets-stage-theory-2795460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">There are also criticisms of the stages<\/a> themselves: Some suggest that not everyone moves through all four stages and that some people may stay in the concrete operational stage throughout their adulthood. Some also dispute the idea that children in the first two stages can\u2019t understand the perspective of others.<br><br>Additionally, some have misinterpreted Piaget\u2019s suggestion that education should be child-centered by <a href=\"https:\/\/theeducationhub.org.nz\/piagets-theory-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">assuming that direct instruction should never be used<\/a>, despite cognitive science research suggesting the contrary.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Learning Through Social Interaction and Modeling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors explain that later researchers adapted and expanded on Piaget\u2019s initial ideas. While Piaget believed that children learn mostly through interaction with their environment, Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky felt that learning was more dependent on social interaction. He also developed the theory of the zone of proximal development, which is the idea that children need help from an adult or older child to learn how to do certain things. The zone of proximal development is the area of learning that\u2019s accessible to a student with such assistance (as opposed to what the learner can do without assistance or what they can\u2019t do even with assistance), and <strong>this theory prompted a greater emphasis on cooperative learning in the education system.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Vygotsky\u2019s theory of learning and the zone of proximal development have led to an emphasis on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/zone-of-proximal-development.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the practice of <em>scaffolding<\/em> in education<\/a>. Educators scaffold by providing activities to children that are challenging but within their capabilities, while controlling the factors that are beyond the child\u2019s capabilities. This type of teaching has to be highly individualized and requires a deep knowledge of a child\u2019s abilities and cognitive level. It also requires a large time commitment for planning, which can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niu.edu\/citl\/resources\/guides\/instructional-guide\/instructional-scaffolding-to-improve-learning.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">make it difficult to implement<\/a> effectively in a classroom setting.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canadian-American psychologist Albert Bandura was also interested in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-children-learn\/\">how children learn<\/a>, particularly how they pick up behaviors such as aggression, which he felt couldn\u2019t be adequately explained by behaviorist theories like operant conditioning. He believed that <strong>humans learn behavior by watching others and mimicking their actions<\/strong>, an idea known as the social learning theory (in contrast to reinforcement theory in behaviorism, which suggests that they learn from rewards and punishments).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalpie.com\/bobo-doll-experiment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Subsequent experiments that Bandura carried out<\/a> demonstrated that punishment may play a role in how likely someone is to mimic a behavior they\u2019ve seen modeled: When children saw someone behaving aggressively and then being punished for it, they were less likely to imitate the behavior. However, if someone <em>asked them<\/em> to mimic the behavior, they did, suggesting that they had learned the behavior, but seeing someone punished for it taught them that they shouldn\u2019t engage in that behavior.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the history of developmental psychology? How do children&#8217;s minds grow into those of adults? How humans grow from children to adults was actually widely misunderstood until the 1930s. It wasn&#8217;t until Jean Piaget came along that people finally began to understand how cognitive processes change over time. Find out more about these changes with the help of The Psychology Book&#8216;s description of developmental psychology history.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":75229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,9],"tags":[1043],"class_list":["post-103950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-psychology","tag-the-psychology-book","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Developmental Psychology: History, Stages, and Figures - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How do undeveloped brains in babies become well-functioning adults? 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Get the answer by studying the history of developmental psychology here.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-05-29T19:55:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-06T15:45:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/helping-child-walk-independence-parents-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1848\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1238\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Katie Doll\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Katie Doll\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Katie Doll\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1b539e89423b544ede91ab2bff937\"},\"headline\":\"Developmental Psychology: History, Stages, and Figures\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-05-29T19:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-06-06T15:45:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/\"},\"wordCount\":961,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/helping-child-walk-independence-parents-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Psychology Book\"],\"articleSection\":[\"History\",\"Psychology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/\",\"name\":\"Developmental Psychology: History, Stages, and Figures - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/developmental-psychology-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/helping-child-walk-independence-parents-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-05-29T19:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-06-06T15:45:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"How do undeveloped brains in babies become well-functioning adults? 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