{"id":103938,"date":"2023-05-30T15:52:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-30T19:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=103938"},"modified":"2023-06-06T11:45:50","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T15:45:50","slug":"what-is-psychoanalysis-in-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-psychoanalysis-in-psychology\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Psychoanalysis in Psychology? History & Contributors"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is psychoanalysis in psychology? What was Sigmund Freud’s contribution to the exploration of the mind?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One main approach to psychology in the early 20th century was psychoanalysis, or psychotherapy, which was more common in Europe. The focus of psychoanalysis is on the internal workings of the mind and the treatment of mental illness through therapy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Below we’ll discuss some of the most influential figures and concepts in psychoanalytic theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Sigmund Freud: The Father of Psychoanalysis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

What is psychoanalysis in psychology? According to the authors of The Psychology Book<\/em>, Austrian scientist Sigmund Freud pioneered the field of psychoanalysis<\/strong>. He established a theory that identified three dimensions of the mind: 1) the conscious, or the active operations of our minds that we\u2019re aware of; 2) the unconscious, or the underlying mental processes that we\u2019re not aware of; and 3) the preconscious, or the ideas and processes that we\u2019re not actively aware of but that we can access if needed. He believed that memories that are too overwhelming for the conscious mind<\/a> to handle are \u201crepressed,\u201d or stored away in the unconscious. The unconscious is also where contradictory beliefs and ideas reside, and the conflict between them and our reality is what causes psychological suffering, according to Freud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: The authors don’t discuss the preconscious in much detail, as Freud’s main theories, particularly those dealing with psychological suffering, centered around the interplay between the conscious and unconscious dimensions.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freud devised a treatment for mental suffering called psychotherapy<\/strong>. This involves having many in-depth sessions in which a patient talks to a specialized therapist who acts as a mediator between the patient and their unconscious. The goal of these sessions is to retrieve the repressed memories<\/a> that are causing a patient\u2019s suffering, often through means such as dream exploration or hypnosis. Though the unconscious can\u2019t be accessed directly, it shows itself subtly in the way the conscious operates. The psychotherapist\u2019s job is to listen to the patient\u2019s conscious musings and decode messages from the unconscious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carl Jung: The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and student of Freud, expanded on Freud\u2019s ideas and explored the concept of the unconscious in a broader context. He identified similarities in the mythologies of cultures across the world and wanted to understand why those similarities existed when other aspects of the cultures were so different. He suggested that all of humanity shares a collective unconscious<\/strong>, which holds universal memories passed down from the earliest humans\u2014memories that help us understand the human experience. These memories manifest themselves in the real world through mythology and symbolism. He labeled these common myths and symbols archetypes<\/em>. Some well-known archetypes include The Hero and The Wise Old Man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jung\u2019s archetypes have become widely influential in psychology,<\/strong> the authors say. His archetypes laid the groundwork for later concepts like personality testing, and they have also been adopted in literature and the arts as a characterization tool. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Like Freud\u2019s ideas, Jung\u2019s theories faced criticisms<\/a> of being unscientific and based on subjective interpretations. Other psychologists ostracized him<\/a> for these reasons, believing that his emphasis on untestable and abstract ideas like archetypes and the collective unconscious reflected poorly on the still-insecure field of psychology. The overlap between his ideas and artistic fields like literature further spurred these critiques, as did his interest in esoteric and \u201coccult\u201d traditions<\/a>. Despite the criticisms, Jung\u2019s archetypes are still heavily in use in the arts<\/a> and are often included in creative writing instruction.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Therapy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

According to the authors, another major player in the field of psychotherapy was American psychologist Carl Rogers, who pioneered a type of psychotherapy called person-centered therapy. Until around the mid-1950s, psychotherapy was largely focused on curing or treating illness, but Rogers felt it didn\u2019t make sense to view mental health as something that could be permanently achieved, nor did he believe anyone could be mentally or psychologically defective. Instead, he believed that creating a healthy human experience is an ongoing process, the goal of which should be to grow rather than to cure. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This involves living in the moment, allowing your experiences to form your personality\u2014as opposed to trying to make your experiences fit your perception of your personality\u2014and taking responsibility<\/a> for your own life. In person-centered therapy, the therapist allows the patient to identify and explore their own problems rather than following the direction the therapist wants to take. Much of modern therapy still follows this model.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Criticisms of Rogers\u2019 person-centered therapy include the claim that his view of humanity is heavily biased toward the positive<\/a> and that it reflects na\u00efvet\u00e9 and a failure to understand and account for human evil<\/a>. Others suggest that his ideas led to the popularization of \u201cpsychobabble,\u201d<\/a> or the use of seemingly meaningless phrases like \u201cgo with the flow\u201d or \u201cget in touch with your feelings.\u201d He\u2019s also been criticized for the suggestion that his person-centered therapy was effective for all problems, with some critics claiming that the therapy hasn\u2019t been shown to help with conditions like schizophrenia and autism. Still, some research suggests that person-centered therapy tends to have lower rates of dropouts and relapse than other forms of treatment.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is psychoanalysis in psychology? What was Sigmund Freud’s contribution to the exploration of the mind? One main approach to psychology in the early 20th century was psychoanalysis, or psychotherapy, which was more common in Europe. The focus of psychoanalysis is on the internal workings of the mind and the treatment of mental illness through therapy. Below we’ll discuss some of the most influential figures and concepts in psychoanalytic theory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":74634,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,39,9],"tags":[1043],"class_list":["post-103938","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-history","category-psychology","tag-the-psychology-book","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Is Psychoanalysis in Psychology? 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