{"id":101264,"date":"2023-05-06T12:22:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-06T16:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=101264"},"modified":"2023-05-09T15:11:07","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T19:11:07","slug":"fracking-natural-gas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fracking-natural-gas\/","title":{"rendered":"Fracking Natural Gas: What It Means &#038; How It&#8217;s Done"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What does it mean to frack natural gas? How is it possible to drill horizontally? What are the benefits of fracking?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fracking is a method used to extract natural gas from the earth. Rachel Maddows, the author of <em>Blowout, <\/em>discusses the process in detail and how it may lead to energy independence in certain countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Continue reading to learn about the history and evolution of fracking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-slickwater-and-horizontal-drilling\">Slickwater and Horizontal Drilling<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Fracking natural gas is the main method of mining the resource. Miners drill into natural gas pockets deep below the earth, then inject fluid into the hole at high pressure, forcing the gas to move up to the surface through cracks where it can be collected. Prior to the 1990s, this fluid was usually a gel, which was expensive to produce and often clogged the very passages the gas was meant to move through. When these gels were replaced with slickwater\u2014a cheap mixture of water, sand, and chemicals designed to reduce friction\u2014more gas could be collected for less expense.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: While the water in slickwater creates paths in the rock, the sand and chemical lubricants <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-fluid-mechanics\/article\/slickwater-hydraulic-fracturing-of-shales\/ACC3236803EAF7D42B36141F00235B8B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ease the formation of those paths<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Green-Black-Complete-Revolution-Fracking\/dp\/1250080665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">keep them open long enough for the gas to escape<\/a>; otherwise gravity and pressure would force them closed. There is no exact formula for slickwater, so each company uses different ratios. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2011\/04\/25\/kuwait-on-the-prairie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corporate espionage is a regular feature of the industry<\/a>, with companies spying on each other\u2019s wells to see what methods are being used and how successfully.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The horizontal drilling technique developed soon after allows companies to frack more gas from a single drill site or well. Rather than simply drilling straight down, the drill reaches the required depth, then turns at a right angle and continues to drill sideways, connecting gas chambers that extend thousands of feet. Though this requires companies to use more slickwater on a single well, doing so is less expensive than drilling hundreds of wells that only produce gas for a short time.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Horizontal drilling can also be used to access gas deposits that can\u2019t be reached vertically; for example, if a reservoir is <a href=\"https:\/\/corporatefinanceinstitute.com\/resources\/valuation\/horizontal-well\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">directly underneath existing buildings or residential areas<\/a>. In 2013, Consol Energy was able to mine gas from the Marcellus Shale <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalgasintel.com\/board-oks-500m-consol-deal-for-pittsburgh-airport-drilling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">underneath the Pittsburgh International Airport<\/a> only by drilling horizontally.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Potential for Energy Independence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Fracking natural gas underwent a boom in the early 2000s and was depicted by many energy companies as being the way of the future. The US had far greater gas reserves than oil reserves and potentially had enough gas to support up to half of the country\u2019s energy needs for the next hundred years. Shortly following the US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, legislators and businessmen hoped they could sever ties with oil-producing countries in the Middle East in favor of producing their own energy. This would keep energy production cheap and allow the US military to take action without worrying about jeopardizing diplomatic relationships with Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member nations like Saudi Arabia.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Energy Scares and Feasible Alternatives<\/strong><br><br>American interest in energy independence began with the energy crises of the 1970s. Disruptions to oil production in the Middle East were caused by the <a href=\"https:\/\/energyhistory.yale.edu\/units\/oil-shocks-1970s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1973 embargo against the US<\/a> by Arab OPEC nations in response to American support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091201015034\/http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0%2C9171%2C946222%2C00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the collapse of Iran\u2019s oil industry<\/a> following its 1979 revolution. The embargo coincided with a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/why-peak-oil-predictions-haven-t-come-true-1411937788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">decline in domestic energy production<\/a>, creating a massive oil shortage and increasing prices for consumers.&nbsp;<br><br>With the future accessibility of oil in question, many <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/11\/03\/europe-energy-crisis-russia-war-1973-oil-shock-security-green-transition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">believed that clean energy was the way of the future<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/articles\/what-the-1970s-teaches-about-todays-energy-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">newly formed Department of Energy<\/a> spent much of its early years <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/energy-crisis-1970s-innovation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">working on solar power<\/a> and more energy-efficient consumer goods. However, the crises of the 1970s were followed by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1982\/03\/21\/business\/the-dark-side-of-the-oil-glut.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cglut\u201d of cheap oil in the 1980s<\/a>, and the US remains largely dependent on foreign oil to this day. As a result, there has been a serious energy crisis or oil price \u201cshock\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/oil-price-shocks-have-a-long-history-but-todays-situation-may-be-the-most-complex-ever-178861\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">nearly every decade<\/a> since the 1970s.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Maddow concedes that America benefited from producing its own natural gas, but she points out that for many countries <strong>in Europe, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/maturity-continuum-7-habits\/\">dependence<\/a> on foreign oil has simply been replaced with dependence on foreign gas, namely gas produced by Russia<\/strong>. As the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Russia has grown more tense following the 2014 annexation of Crimea, gas prices have soared, just as oil prices did in the early 2000s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: After Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, gas prices skyrocketed again, surpassing records <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/money\/2022\/03\/08\/gas-most-expensive-us-history\/9404939002\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">set in 2008 following the global financial crisis<\/a>. Ukraine\u2019s allies in Europe and the US <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/infographics\/eu-sanctions-russia-ukraine-invasion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">adopted sanctions against Russia<\/a> that limited its ability to export oil and gas, hoping that this would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/01\/11\/ukraine-war-russias-fossil-fuel-earnings-fall-in-december.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sabotage the war effort<\/a> since energy sales <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/06\/13\/climate\/russia-oil-gas-record-revenue.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">make up nearly half of Russia\u2019s federal budget<\/a>. However, while the sanctions have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/in-brief\/one-year-war-ukraine-are-sanctions-against-russia-making-difference\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">weakened Russia\u2019s economy overall<\/a>, Russia was able to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-60783874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">find new buyers in India and China<\/a>. At the same time, Europe and the US struggled to meet their consumers\u2019 energy needs by buying oil from other nations\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/interactive\/briefing\/2022\/09\/24\/war-in-ukraine-has-reshaped-worlds-fuel-markets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mainly Saudi Arabia and Qatar\u2014<\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edf.org\/article\/war-ukraine-driving-gas-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">releasing millions of barrels from national stockpiles<\/a>.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What does it mean to frack natural gas? How is it possible to drill horizontally? What are the benefits of fracking? Fracking is a method used to extract natural gas from the earth. Rachel Maddows, the author of Blowout, discusses the process in detail and how it may lead to energy independence in certain countries. Continue reading to learn about the history and evolution of fracking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":101289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[275,160],"tags":[1006],"class_list":["post-101264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-science","tag-blowout","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Fracking Natural Gas: What It Means &amp; How It&#039;s Done - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the process of fracking natural gas? 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