{"id":871,"date":"2025-09-22T21:14:36","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T17:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hub\/?p=871"},"modified":"2025-10-22T21:52:55","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T17:52:55","slug":"what-is-the-new-jim-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hub\/science\/what-is-the-new-jim-code\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is the New Jim Code? Ruha Benjamin Explains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the New Jim Code? Is technology truly fair and objective? Do algorithms simply crunch numbers and deliver results based on data?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ruha Benjamin introduces a troubling concept called &#8220;the New Jim Code&#8221; in her argument that digital systems perpetuate inequality. Keep reading to learn how seemingly neutral technologies might be quietly reshaping who gets opportunities and who gets left behind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-new-jim-code\">What Is the New Jim Code?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Benjamin contends that we\u2019ve entered a new phase in the evolution of racism. She calls this \u201cthe New Jim Code,\u201d a term that echoes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-new-jim-crow\/preview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Michelle Alexander\u2019s \u201cNew Jim Crow\u201d<\/a> to emphasize the continuity of racial control mechanisms throughout American history. <strong>This latest iteration involves racism embedded in digital technologies and algorithms<\/strong>. Examples include facial recognition software that struggles to accurately identify darker-skinned faces and risk assessment algorithms that disproportionately flag Black individuals as \u201chigh risk\u201d for committing crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Digital technology increasingly mediates access to opportunities and resources, so when these systems embed racial biases, they exacerbate inequalities<\/strong>. Consider healthcare algorithms that determine patient care: When these systems use past medical spending as a proxy for medical need, they <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/news\/privacy-technology\/algorithms-in-health-care-may-worsen-medical-racism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recommend less care for Black patients<\/a> than for white patients with the same symptoms\u2014not because Black patients are healthier, but because historical racism in healthcare meant they had less access to expensive treatments in the past. Similarly, mortgage-lending algorithms trained on historical loan data can perpetuate decades of redlining by <a href=\"https:\/\/news.lehigh.edu\/ai-exhibits-racial-bias-in-mortgage-underwriting-decisions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">denying loans to qualified applicants<\/a> in predominantly Black neighborhoods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Today\u2019s healthcare algorithms are a modern chapter in a long history of racial injustice in medicine. For example, enslaved Black Americans were <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-black-slaves-were-routinely-sold-as-specimens-to-ambitious-white-doctors-43074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">used as unwilling experimental subjects<\/a> by white physicians, and J. Marion Sims, often called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/helloclue.com\/articles\/culture\/the-racist-and-unethical-origins-of-modern-gynecology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the father of American gynecology<\/a>,\u201d perfected his surgical techniques by operating on enslaved women without anesthesia. Similarly, Henrietta Lacks\u2019s cancerous cells were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">taken without consent in 1951<\/a> and became the foundation for countless medical advances, yet her family received no compensation or recognition for decades. Such exploitation created medical knowledge that primarily benefited white patients while establishing patterns of unequal care that continue today.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-invisibility-of-the-new-jim-code\">The Invisibility of the New Jim Code<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Benjamin argues that<strong> the New Jim Code is particularly insidious because we think of technology as neutral, objective, and fair<\/strong>. She explains that the algorithms that drive modern technology operate through numbers, statistics, and code rather than through explicit racial categories, so their outputs seem data-driven rather than opinion-based. This veneer of scientific authority shields discriminatory outcomes from scrutiny: We\u2019re more likely to question a hiring manager\u2019s judgment than an algorithm\u2019s determination that certain candidates are \u201cnot a good fit.\u201d The technology\u2019s complexity also creates plausible deniability: Developers can claim they never programmed the algorithm to discriminate, even when that\u2019s precisely what it does.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For these reasons, many people reject the idea that technology can perpetuate racism. However, Benjamin argues that <strong>a system doesn\u2019t have to be built by someone with explicit racial animus or malicious intent to produce racist outcomes<\/strong>. She understands racism as a systemic force rather than a personal attitude and argues we should judge systems by their effects rather than their intentions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>How Do Algorithms Encode Bias?<\/strong><br><br>Benjamin\u2019s \u201cNew Jim Code\u201d argues that seemingly neutral algorithms can perpetuate racial inequalities. But what exactly is an algorithm, and how can mathematical calculations be biased?<br><br>An algorithm is simply a set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or performing a task. In computing, algorithms process inputs (data) to produce outputs (decisions or recommendations) based on predefined criteria. While the mathematical operations themselves may be neutral, <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00136-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">several mechanisms can introduce bias<\/a>.<br><br>First, algorithms make assumptions about what\u2019s \u201cnormal\u201d based on patterns in their training data. A facial recognition system trained mostly on white faces develops a mathematical model optimized for recognizing features common to those faces. When presented with darker-skinned faces, it may perform poorly because its model isn\u2019t calibrated for those features. Second, many algorithms <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/collaborative-filtering-ml\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">use \u201ccollaborative filtering\u201d<\/a> to make recommendations based on patterns of similarity between users. This introduces biases: Such algorithms tend to recommend already-popular items, struggle with new items that have few ratings, and create increasingly homogeneous recommendations over time.<br><br>People who don\u2019t match the most common patterns in the data bear the brunt of these mathematical biases. For example, if an algorithm learns that, historically, most successful job applicants attended Ivy League universities, it will prioritize graduates from those institutions, creating a disadvantage for candidates who attend historically Black colleges or community colleges. When algorithms make biased predictions that influence real-world decisions (like who gets loans, jobs, or healthcare), those decisions generate new data that reinforces the original bias. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle of technological discrimination that <em>appears<\/em> objective because it\u2019s expressed through mathematical formulas.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Benjamin contends that <strong>the combination of perceived objectivity and technical opacity makes racial discrimination under the New Jim Code harder to identify and challenge<\/strong> than many past manifestations of racism. The New Jim Code operates across virtually every domain of modern life\u2014from healthcare, education, and employment to housing, criminal justice, and social services\u2014making it potentially the most pervasive and difficult-to-challenge iteration of racism yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Most of us don\u2019t realize how many decisions are now mediated by algorithms: credit card applications, job application screening, college admissions, medical diagnoses, criminal sentencing, content recommendations, welfare eligibility, mortgage approvals, insurance rates, and targeted advertising. As Hannah Fry (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hello-World-Being-Human-Algorithms\/dp\/039363499X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Hello World<\/em><\/a>) notes, \u201cWe\u2019ve invited these algorithms into our courtrooms and our hospitals and our schools, and they\u2019re making these tiny decisions on our behalf that are subtly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/technology\/2018\/10\/1\/17882340\/how-algorithms-control-your-life-hannah-fry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">shifting the way our society is operating<\/a>.\u201d People rarely know when they\u2019ve been disadvantaged by an algorithm, making these systems particularly difficult to challenge compared to overtly discriminatory practices of the past.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is there a modern form of racism that hides behind mathematical formulas and scientific authority? Learn what the New Jim Code is.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-society-culture"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is the New Jim Code? Ruha Benjamin Explains - Shortform Hub<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is there a modern form of racism that hides behind mathematical formulas and scientific authority? 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